Abstract
Plants grown in salt‐affected soils may suffer from limited available water, ion toxicity, and essential plant nutrient deficiency, leading to reduced growth. The present experiment was initiated to evaluate how salinity and soil zinc (Zn) fertilization would affects growth and chemical and biochemical composition of broad bean grown in a calcareous soil low in available Zn. The broad bean was subjected to five sodium chloride (NaCl) levels (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 m mol kg−1 soil) and three Zn rates [0, 5, and 10 mg kg−1 as Zn sulfate (ZnSO4) or Zn ethylenediaminetetraaceticacid (EDTA)] under greenhouse conditions. The experiment was arranged in a factorial manner in a completely randomized design with three replications. Sodium chloride significantly decreased shoot dry weight, leaf area, and chlorophyll concentration, whereas Zn treatment strongly increased these plant growth parameters. The suppressing effect of soil salinity on the shoot dry weight and leaf area were alleviated by soil Zn fertilization, but the stimulating effect became less pronounced at higher NaCl levels. Moreover, rice seedlings treated with ZnSO4 produced more shoot dry weight and had greater leaf area and chlorophyll concentration than those treated with Zn EDTA. In the present study, plant chloride and sodium accumulations were significantly increased and those of potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) strongly decreased as NaCl concentrations in the soil were increased. Moreover, changes in rice shoot Cl−, Na+, and K+ concentrations were primarily affected by the changes in NaCl rate and to a lesser degree were related to Zn levels. The concentrations of Cl− and Na+ associated with 50% shoot growth suppression were greater with Zn‐treated plants than untreated ones, suggesting that Zn fertilization might increase the plant tolerance to high Cl− and Na+ accumulations in rice shoot. Zinc application markedly increased Zn concentration of broad bean shoots, whereas plants grown on NaCl‐treated soil contained significantly less Zn than those grown on NaCl‐untreated soil. Our study showed a consistent increase in praline content and a significant decrease in reducing sugar concentration with increasing salinity and Zn rates. However, Zn‐treated broad bean contained less proline and reducing sugars than Zn‐untreated plants, and the depressing impact of applied Zn as Zn EDTA on reducing sugar concentration was greater than that of ZnSO4. In conclusion, it appears that when broad bean is to be grown in salt‐affected soils, it is highly advisable to supply plants with adequate available Zn.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Sodium chloride significantly decreased shoot dry weight and leaf area.
- Taxon
- broad bean
Vicia fabat0 - Treatment
- Sodium chloridee0
- Outcome
- shoot dry weight, leaf areae0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sodium chloride significantly decreased shoot dry weight, leaf area, and chlorophyll concentration”
t0“Broad Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Sodium chloride significantly decreased chlorophyll concentration.
- Taxon
- broad beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- Sodium chloridee0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll concentratione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sodium chloride significantly decreased shoot dry weight, leaf area, and chlorophyll concentration”
t0“Broad Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc treatment increased shoot dry weight and leaf area.
- Taxon
- broad beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- Zn treatmente0
- Outcome
- plant growth parameterse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Zn treatment strongly increased these plant growth parameters”
t0“Broad Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil Zn fertilization alleviated salinity suppression of shoot dry weight and leaf area.
- Taxon
- broad beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- soil Zn fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- shoot dry weight and leaf areae0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
- Comparator
- soil salinitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The suppressing effect of soil salinity on the shoot dry weight and leaf area were alleviated by soil Zn fertilization”
t0“Broad Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
The growth stimulation by zinc weakened at higher sodium chloride levels.
- Taxon
- broad beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- higher NaCl levelse0
- Outcome
- stimulating effecte0
- Direction
- less pronouncede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the stimulating effect became less pronounced at higher NaCl levels”
t0“Broad Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice seedlings receiving ZnSO4 had more shoot dry weight than those receiving Zn EDTA.
- Taxon
- rice seedlings
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- ZnSO4e0
- Outcome
- shoot dry weighte0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- Zn EDTAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice seedlings treated with ZnSO4 produced more shoot dry weight and had greater leaf area and chlorophyll concentration than those treated with Zn EDTA”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice seedlings receiving ZnSO4 had greater leaf area than those receiving Zn EDTA.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- ZnSO4e0
- Outcome
- leaf areae0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- Zn EDTAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice seedlings treated with ZnSO4 produced more shoot dry weight and had greater leaf area and chlorophyll concentration than those treated with Zn EDTA”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice seedlings receiving ZnSO4 had greater chlorophyll concentration than those receiving Zn EDTA.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- ZnSO4e0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll concentratione0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- Zn EDTAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice seedlings treated with ZnSO4 produced more shoot dry weight and had greater leaf area and chlorophyll concentration than those treated with Zn EDTA”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing soil NaCl significantly increased plant chloride and sodium accumulation.
- Taxon
- broad beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- NaCl concentrations in the soilt1
- Outcome
- plant chloride and sodium accumulationse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plant chloride and sodium accumulations were significantly increased”
t0“Broad Bean”
t1“NaCl concentrations in the soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing soil NaCl decreased plant potassium, calcium and magnesium accumulation.
- Taxon
- broad beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- NaCl concentrations in the soile0
- Outcome
- potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“those of potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) strongly decreased as NaCl concentrations in the soil were increased”
t0“Broad Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice shoot chloride, sodium and potassium concentrations responded primarily to NaCl rate and less to Zn levels.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- NaCl ratee0
- Outcome
- rice shoot Cl−, Na+, and K+ concentrationse0
- Qualifier
- to a lesser degree were related to Zn levelse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice shoot Cl−, Na+, and K+ concentrations were primarily affected by the changes in NaCl rate and to a lesser degree were related to Zn levels”
Claim · model-written summary
The chloride and sodium concentrations linked to 50% shoot growth suppression were greater with zinc treatment.
Verbatim
e0“The concentrations of Cl− and Na+ associated with 50% shoot growth suppression were greater with Zn‐treated plants than untreated ones”
e1“rice shoot Cl−, Na+, and K+ concentrations were primarily affected by the changes in NaCl rate”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc application markedly increased zinc concentration in broad bean shoots.
- Taxon
- broad beanVicia fabae0
- Organ / stage
- shootse0
- Treatment
- Zinc applicatione0
- Outcome
- Zn concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Zinc application markedly increased Zn concentration of broad bean shoots”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil NaCl treatment significantly decreased zinc concentration in broad bean shoots.
- Taxon
- broad beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- NaCl‐treated soile0
- Outcome
- Zne0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Comparator
- NaCl‐untreated soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plants grown on NaCl‐treated soil contained significantly less Zn than those grown on NaCl‐untreated soil”
t0“Broad Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing salinity and zinc rates increased praline content.
- Taxon
- broad beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- increasing salinity and Zn ratese0
- Outcome
- praline contente0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a consistent increase in praline content and a significant decrease in reducing sugar concentration with increasing salinity and Zn rates”
t0“Broad Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing salinity and zinc rates significantly decreased reducing sugar concentration.
- Taxon
- broad beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- increasing salinity and Zn ratese0
- Outcome
- reducing sugar concentratione0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a consistent increase in praline content and a significant decrease in reducing sugar concentration with increasing salinity and Zn rates”
t0“Broad Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc-treated broad bean had less proline than untreated plants.
- Taxon
- broad beanVicia fabae0
- Treatment
- Zn‐treatede0
- Outcome
- prolinee0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Comparator
- Zn‐untreated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Zn‐treated broad bean contained less proline and reducing sugars than Zn‐untreated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc-treated broad bean had less reducing sugar than untreated plants.
- Taxon
- broad beanVicia fabae0
- Treatment
- Zn‐treatede0
- Outcome
- reducing sugarse0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Comparator
- Zn‐untreated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Zn‐treated broad bean contained less proline and reducing sugars than Zn‐untreated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn EDTA depressed reducing sugar concentration more than ZnSO4.
- Taxon
- broad beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- Zn EDTAe0
- Outcome
- reducing sugar concentratione0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- ZnSO4e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the depressing impact of applied Zn as Zn EDTA on reducing sugar concentration was greater than that of ZnSO4”
t0“Broad Bean”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors advise adequate available zinc when growing broad bean in salt-affected soils.
- Taxon
- broad beanVicia fabae0
- Outcome
- supply plants with adequate available Zne0
- Setting
- salt‐affected soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“when broad bean is to be grown in salt‐affected soils, it is highly advisable to supply plants with adequate available Zn”
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See all 8 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.