Abstract
Apple ( Malus domestica Borkh.) trees were propagated by budding from selected fully grown hybrids that ranged in height from 1.5 to 8 m. The growth and development of the selected budded trees after 7 years in the orchard was similar to that of the parent trees. Additional grafting studies showed that the dwarfism was not associated with the roots. Differences in photosynthetic activity and associated processes were not related to the size difference between tissue culture‐propagated orchard‐grown standard cv. Golden Delicious and dwarf hybrid trees. Applications of GA 3 did not stimulate elongation of shoots of dwarf trees. Shoots of both standard and dwarf trees started to develop in mid‐April when they contained nearly the same amounts of GA 1 , GA 3 and GA 8 , but standard shoots contained higher concentrations of GA 19 , GA 20 and GA 29 . On 2 June standard shoots were almost three times the length of dwarf shoots, but the number of leaves and area per leaf were nearly the same. The relative amounts of GAs on 12 May and 2 June for both plant types were similar to those on 20 April, except that GA 19 , GA 20 , GA 1 and GA 29 levels had declined. Gibberellin levels in standard shoots declined further between 2 and 22 June, after which there was no further shoot elongation or production of new leaves. Between 2 June and the end of the growing season, when summer temperatures were high, dwarf shoots continued to elongate slowly and to develop new leaves, which expanded little. During this time, the GA 19 content of dwarf shoots nearly doubled, whereas the amounts of GA 20 , GA 1 , GA 29 and GA 8 declined. By the end of the season, standard shoots were 40 cm in length with 20 leaves and dwarf shoots were 28 cm in length, but with 36 leaves. High summer temperatures appear to induce loss of GA‐responsiveness in orchard‐grown dwarf trees and to cause a reduced rate of conversion of GA 19 to GA 20 in these genotypes.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Budded trees retained growth and development similar to their parent trees after seven orchard years.
- Taxon
- apple trees
Malus domesticat0 - Outcome
- growth and developmente0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- parent treese0
- Setting
- orcharde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The growth and development of the selected budded trees after 7 years in the orchard was similar to that of the parent trees.”
t0“apple trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Grafting indicated that roots were not associated with dwarfism.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Outcome
- dwarfisme0
- Direction
- not associatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Additional grafting studies showed that the dwarfism was not associated with the roots.”
t0“apple trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Photosynthetic activity and related processes did not track tree size differences.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Material
- standard cv. Golden Deliciouse0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic activity and associated processese0
- Direction
- not relatede0
- Setting
- orcharde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Differences in photosynthetic activity and associated processes were not related to the size difference between tissue culture‐propagated orchard‐grown standard cv. Golden Delicious and dwarf hybrid trees.”
t0“apple trees”
Claim · model-written summary
GA 3 application did not stimulate dwarf shoot elongation.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- shootse0
- Treatment
- Applications of GA 3e0
- Outcome
- elongation of shootse0
- Direction
- did not stimulatee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Applications of GA 3 did not stimulate elongation of shoots of dwarf trees.”
t0“apple trees”
Claim · model-written summary
At shoot initiation, standard and dwarf shoots had nearly equal GA 1, GA 3 and GA 8 amounts.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- Shootse0
- Outcome
- amounts of GA 1 , GA 3 and GA 8e0
- Direction
- nearly the samee0
- Qualifier
- mid‐Aprile0
- Comparator
- dwarf treese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shoots of both standard and dwarf trees started to develop in mid‐April when they contained nearly the same amounts of GA 1 , GA 3 and GA 8”
t0“apple trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Standard shoots had higher GA 19, GA 20 and GA 29 concentrations at shoot initiation.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- shootse0
- Outcome
- concentrations of GA 19 , GA 20 and GA 29e0
- Direction
- highere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“standard shoots contained higher concentrations of GA 19 , GA 20 and GA 29”
t0“apple trees”
Claim · model-written summary
On 2 June standard shoots were nearly three times as long as dwarf shoots.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- shootse0
- Outcome
- length of dwarf shootse0
- Direction
- almost three timese0
- Value
- three timese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On 2 June standard shoots were almost three times the length of dwarf shoots”
t0“apple trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Standard and dwarf shoots had nearly equal leaf number and area per leaf on 2 June.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Outcome
- number of leaves and area per leafe0
- Direction
- nearly the samee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the number of leaves and area per leaf were nearly the same”
t0“apple trees”
Claim · model-written summary
GA 19, GA 20, GA 1 and GA 29 declined by May and June relative to April.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- GA 19 , GA 20 , GA 1 and GA 29 levelse0
- Direction
- declinede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GA 19 , GA 20 , GA 1 and GA 29 levels had declined”
t0“apple trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Standard shoot gibberellins declined further between 2 and 22 June.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- shootse0
- Outcome
- Gibberellin levelse0
- Direction
- declined furthere0
- Qualifier
- between 2 and 22 Junee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Gibberellin levels in standard shoots declined further between 2 and 22 June”
t0“apple trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Standard shoots ceased elongation and new leaf production after 22 June.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- shoote0
- Outcome
- no further shoot elongation or production of new leavese0
- Direction
- no furthere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“after which there was no further shoot elongation or production of new leaves”
t0“apple trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Dwarf shoots kept elongating slowly and developing new leaves during summer.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- shootse0
- Outcome
- elongate slowly and to develop new leavese0
- Direction
- continuede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dwarf shoots continued to elongate slowly and to develop new leaves, which expanded little”
t0“apple trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Dwarf shoot GA 19 content nearly doubled later in the season.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- shootse0
- Outcome
- GA 19 contente0
- Direction
- nearly doublede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the GA 19 content of dwarf shoots nearly doubled”
t0“apple trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Dwarf shoot GA 20, GA 1, GA 29 and GA 8 amounts declined later in the season.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- amounts of GA 20 , GA 1 , GA 29 and GA 8e0
- Direction
- declinede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the amounts of GA 20 , GA 1 , GA 29 and GA 8 declined”
t0“apple trees”
Claim · model-written summary
At season end standard shoots were 40 cm long with 20 leaves.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- shootse0
- Outcome
- lengthe0
- Value
- 40 cme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“standard shoots were 40 cm in length with 20 leaves”
t0“apple trees”
Claim · model-written summary
At season end dwarf shoots were 28 cm long with 36 leaves.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- shootse0
- Outcome
- lengthe0
- Value
- 28 cme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dwarf shoots were 28 cm in length, but with 36 leaves”
t0“apple trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors infer that high summer temperatures impair GA responsiveness and GA 19 conversion in dwarf trees.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- High summer temperaturese0
- Outcome
- loss of GA‐responsivenesse0
- Qualifier
- appear to inducee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High summer temperatures appear to induce loss of GA‐responsiveness in orchard‐grown dwarf trees and to cause a reduced rate of conversion of GA 19 to GA 20 in these genotypes.”
t0“apple trees”
The same questions in other papers
Gibberellic acid · growth · Malus domestica (apple)Results differ
9 papers in the same direction as this paper · 23 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
- positive
29 papers more in this group
See all 33 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.