Abstract
Stem slices (1-mm thick) cut from apple microshoots were cultured on a modified Murashige-Skoog medium with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) or α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and increasing concentrations of various phenolic compounds. Both auxins were added at a concentration suboptimal for rooting. Indole-3-acetic acid is metabolized through oxidation and conjugation but NAA through conjugation only; which might have affected the results. With IAA, all tested orthodiphenols, paradiphenols and triphenols promoted adventitious root formation from the stem slices. Ferulic acid (FA, a methylated orthodiphenol) had the largest effect and increased the number of adventitious roots from 0.9 to 5.8. With NAA there was little or no promotion after addition of phenolics. Phloroglucinol (a triphenol) and FA were examined in detail. Their effects on the dose–response curve of IAA and the timing of their action indicated that both acted as antioxidants protecting IAA from decarboxylation and the tissue from oxidative stress. Experiments with carboxyl-labelled IAA showed that IAA was massively decarboxylated by the slices and that decarboxylation was strongly reduced by phenolics. Decarboxylation was to a great extent attributable to the wound response and did not occur to such an extent in non-wounded plant tissues. In shoots, FA promoted little rooting. Slices were cultured on top of the medium and shoots were stuck into the medium. Possibly, the anaerobic conditions in the medium near the basal part of the stem of shoots reduced the wound response and consequently decarboxylation of IAA. The monophenolic compound salicylic acid (SA) promoted IAA decarboxylation. Accordingly, SA reduced rooting when added during the initial days of the rooting process (the period during which auxin enhances rooting), and promoted outgrowth of root primordia later on (the period during which auxin inhibits rooting).
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Phenolic compounds with IAA promoted adventitious root formation from apple stem slices
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticae0 - Organ / stage
- Stem slicese0
- Treatment
- orthodiphenols, paradiphenols and triphenolse1
- Outcome
- adventitious root formatione1
- Direction
- promotede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stem slices (1-mm thick) cut from apple microshoots”
e1“With IAA, all tested orthodiphenols, paradiphenols and triphenols promoted adventitious root formation from the stem slices”
Claim · model-written summary
Ferulic acid with IAA increased the number of adventitious roots from 0.9 to 5.8 in apple stem slices
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Organ / stage
- Stem slicese0
- Treatment
- Ferulic acide2
- Outcome
- number of adventitious rootse2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- from 0.9 to 5.8e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stem slices (1-mm thick) cut from apple microshoots”
e2“Ferulic acid (FA, a methylated orthodiphenol) had the largest effect and increased the number of adventitious roots from 0.9 to 5.8”
Claim · model-written summary
With NAA, phenolics gave little or no promotion of adventitious rooting in apple stem slices
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- addition of phenolicse3
- Outcome
- promotione3
- Direction
- little or noe3
- Qualifier
- With NAAe3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stem slices (1-mm thick) cut from apple microshoots”
e3“With NAA there was little or no promotion after addition of phenolics”
Claim · model-written summary
Phenolics appear to act as antioxidants that protect IAA from decarboxylation in apple
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Outcome
- protecting IAA from decarboxylatione4
- Qualifier
- acted as antioxidantse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stem slices (1-mm thick) cut from apple microshoots”
e4“both acted as antioxidants protecting IAA from decarboxylation and the tissue from oxidative stress”
Claim · model-written summary
IAA was massively decarboxylated by apple stem slices
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Outcome
- IAA was massively decarboxylatede5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stem slices (1-mm thick) cut from apple microshoots”
e5“Experiments with carboxyl-labelled IAA showed that IAA was massively decarboxylated by the slices and that decarboxylation was strongly reduced by phenolics”
Claim · model-written summary
Phenolics strongly reduced IAA decarboxylation in apple stem slices
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- phenolicse5
- Outcome
- decarboxylatione5
- Direction
- strongly reducede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stem slices (1-mm thick) cut from apple microshoots”
e5“Experiments with carboxyl-labelled IAA showed that IAA was massively decarboxylated by the slices and that decarboxylation was strongly reduced by phenolics”
Claim · model-written summary
IAA decarboxylation in apple slices is largely attributable to the wound response
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Outcome
- Decarboxylatione6
- Qualifier
- attributable to the wound responsee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stem slices (1-mm thick) cut from apple microshoots”
e6“Decarboxylation was to a great extent attributable to the wound response and did not occur to such an extent in non-wounded plant tissues”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid promoted IAA decarboxylation in apple stem slices
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- salicylic acid (SA)e7
- Outcome
- IAA decarboxylatione7
- Direction
- promotede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stem slices (1-mm thick) cut from apple microshoots”
e7“The monophenolic compound salicylic acid (SA) promoted IAA decarboxylation”
Claim · model-written summary
SA reduced rooting when added during the initial days of the rooting process in apple stem slices
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- SAe1
- Outcome
- rootinge1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Qualifier
- during the initial days of the rooting processe1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stem slices (1-mm thick) cut from apple microshoots”
e1“Accordingly, SA reduced rooting when added during the initial days of the rooting process (the period during which auxin enhances rooting), and promoted outgrowth of root primordia later on”
Claim · model-written summary
SA promoted outgrowth of root primordia later in the rooting process in apple stem slices
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- SAe1
- Outcome
- outgrowth of root primordiae1
- Direction
- promotede1
- Qualifier
- later one1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stem slices (1-mm thick) cut from apple microshoots”
e1“Accordingly, SA reduced rooting when added during the initial days of the rooting process (the period during which auxin enhances rooting), and promoted outgrowth of root primordia later on”
Claim · model-written summary
Ferulic acid promoted little rooting in apple shoots
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Organ / stage
- shootse1
- Treatment
- FAe1
- Outcome
- rootinge1
- Direction
- promoted littlee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stem slices (1-mm thick) cut from apple microshoots”
e1“In shoots, FA promoted little rooting”
The same questions in other papers
salicylic acid · growth · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
salicylic acid · molecular: metabolites · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
4 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.