Abstract
Abstract Two field experiments were conducted to evaluate response of garlic yield, and nitrogen (N) and water use efficiencies (NUE and WUE) to N applied by fertigation or conventional soil application. The following treatments were included: 0, 30, 60, and 90 mg L−1 N in the irrigation water. Additional two treatments of soil application of N (single or split) equivalent to one fertigation treatment were included. Garlic was planted in two growing seasons. Irrigation was applied to replenish 80% of the Class A pan evaporation twice each week. Neutron probe readings were taken at different soil depths and used to determine crop evapotran‐spiration (ETc), WUE, and crop coefficient (Kc). Labeled N fertilizers (15N) were applied to a micro‐plots within each plot. At harvest, plant samples were taken from the micro‐plots for 15N measurements and NUE determination. Sampling from macro‐plots was used to determine yield. Results indicate that yield responded positively to N regardless of method of application. Yield increased by fertigation of 120 kg ha−1 N in the first season and by the lower rate (75 kg ha−1 N) in the second season. In both seasons, higher yield response was obtained by fertigation than by soil application of N. Split application of N at 120 kg ha−1 produced yields as high as by higher rate (180 kg ha−1 N) with single soil application in the first season. The fresh weight per head and per bulb had similar trends as the yield did. However the number of bulbs per heads was not affected by the treatments in both seasons, indicating that with zero N smaller heads were produced and yield differences were due to the size and weight of the bulbs or heads. With fertigation, N content, N derived from fertilizer (Ndff), and consequently higher NUE were enhanced due to the more efficient timing and placement of N. Nitrogen addition synergistically enhanced fruit content of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) which was higher with fertigation technique. Nitrogen fertigation enhanced plant growth, ETc, and WUE. The average Kc ranged from 0.4 at the earlier growth to 1.1 during maximum growth stages. Towards the end of the growing season, it declined to 0.6. The maximum water depletion was observed in the top 30 cm, indicating the depth of root activity. The overall results indicate that with fertigation, the yield, NUE, and WUE could be improved.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic yield increased in response to nitrogen regardless of application method.
- Taxon
- garlic
Allium sativumt0 - Treatment
- Ne0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- responded positivelye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“yield responded positively to N regardless of method of application”
t0“Garlic”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertigation at 120 kg N per hectare increased first season yield.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativumt0
- Treatment
- fertigation of 120 kg ha−1 Ne0
- Outcome
- Yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- first seasone0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yield increased by fertigation of 120 kg ha−1 N in the first season”
t0“Garlic”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertigation at 75 kg N per hectare increased second season yield.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativumt0
- Treatment
- 75 kg ha−1 Ne0
- Outcome
- Yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- second seasone0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yield increased by fertigation of 120 kg ha−1 N in the first season and by the lower rate (75 kg ha−1 N) in the second season”
t0“Garlic”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertigation produced higher yield responses than soil nitrogen application in both seasons.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativumt0
- Treatment
- fertigatione0
- Outcome
- yield responsee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- soil application of Ne0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In both seasons, higher yield response was obtained by fertigation than by soil application of N”
t0“Garlic”
Claim · model-written summary
Split soil application of 120 kg N per hectare yielded as much as single application of 180 kg N per hectare in season one.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativumt0
- Treatment
- Split application of N at 120 kg ha−1e0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- as high ase0
- Qualifier
- 180 kg ha−1 Ne0
- Comparator
- single soil applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Split application of N at 120 kg ha−1 produced yields as high as by higher rate (180 kg ha−1 N) with single soil application in the first season”
t0“Garlic”
Claim · model-written summary
Fresh head and bulb weights followed the same trends as yield.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativumt0
- Outcome
- fresh weight per head and per bulbe0
- Direction
- similar trendse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The fresh weight per head and per bulb had similar trends as the yield did”
t0“Garlic”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatments did not affect bulb number per head in either season.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativumt0
- Treatment
- treatmentse0
- Outcome
- number of bulbs per headse0
- Direction
- not affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the number of bulbs per heads was not affected by the treatments in both seasons”
t0“Garlic”
Claim · model-written summary
Zero nitrogen produced smaller garlic heads.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativumt0
- Treatment
- zero Ne0
- Outcome
- headse0
- Direction
- smallere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with zero N smaller heads were produced”
t0“Garlic”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertigation enhanced nitrogen content and nitrogen derived from fertilizer.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativumt0
- Treatment
- fertigatione0
- Outcome
- N content, N derived from fertilizer (Ndff)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With fertigation, N content, N derived from fertilizer (Ndff), and consequently higher NUE were enhanced”
t0“Garlic”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertigation enhanced nitrogen use efficiency.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativumt0
- Treatment
- fertigatione0
- Outcome
- NUEe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With fertigation, N content, N derived from fertilizer (Ndff), and consequently higher NUE were enhanced”
t0“Garlic”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen addition increased garlic phosphorus, potassium, iron, and zinc content, more with fertigation.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativumt0
- Treatment
- Nitrogen additione0
- Outcome
- content of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrogen addition synergistically enhanced fruit content of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) which was higher with fertigation technique”
t0“Garlic”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertigation enhanced garlic growth and evapotranspiration.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativumt0
- Treatment
- Nitrogen fertigatione0
- Outcome
- plant growth, ETce0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrogen fertigation enhanced plant growth, ETc, and WUE”
t0“Garlic”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertigation enhanced water use efficiency.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativumt0
- Treatment
- Nitrogen fertigatione0
- Outcome
- WUEe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrogen fertigation enhanced plant growth, ETc, and WUE”
t0“Garlic”
Claim · model-written summary
The average crop coefficient ranged from 0.4 early to 1.1 at maximum growth.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativumt0
- Outcome
- average Kce0
- Value
- 0.4e0
- Qualifier
- 1.1 during maximum growth stagese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The average Kc ranged from 0.4 at the earlier growth to 1.1 during maximum growth stages”
t0“Garlic”
Claim · model-written summary
The crop coefficient declined to 0.6 late in the season.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativumt0
- Outcome
- Kce0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Value
- 0.6e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The average Kc ranged from 0.4 at the earlier growth to 1.1 during maximum growth stages. Towards the end of the growing season, it declined to 0.6”
t0“Garlic”
Claim · model-written summary
Maximum water depletion occurred in the upper 30 cm.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativumt0
- Outcome
- water depletione0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 30 cme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The maximum water depletion was observed in the top 30 cm”
t0“Garlic”
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