Abstract
Abstract This research was carried out during the 2000–2001 growing season in a low-density orchard, on a calcareous soil (Fine loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Calcixerept) in northwest Iran, using 25-year old “Golden Delicious” (Malus domestica Borkh.) apple trees on M.9 rootstock. The interactive effects of potassium (K) and calcium (Ca) on K/Ca ratio and its consequences on apple fruit quality were studied. Treatments included: T 1 = control [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and manure]; T 2 = T 1 + micronutrients (deep placement) based on soil test recommendations; T 3 = T 2 + (KCl)1 based on soil test recommendations; T 4 = T 3 + spray of CaCl2 at four times; T 5 = same as T 4 but sprayed at eight times; T 6 = T 2 + (KCl)2 (50% above soil test); T 7 = T 6 + spray of CaCl2 at four times; T 8 = same as T 7 but sprayed at eight times; T 9 = same as T 8 but with an equal amount of K from K2SO4 source. Leaf samples were collected in early July and fruit samples collected in early October and were analyzed for N, K, and Ca. Thirty fruit samples were randomly selected and stored at 1°C for 45 or 90 days prior to determination of their storage life. There was a range in K and Ca level in the leaves, although both K and Ca concentrations exceeded their critical threshold values. The concentration of K in the fruit was high, but Ca was low. There was a positive correlation between leaf K and fruit K and between fruit K and total soluble solids concentration (SSC); between fruit Ca and apple fruit firmness; but negative correlations existed between K/Ca ratio and apple fruit firmness at harvest. Apple fruit SSC was increased by K-fertilization and storage period. Fruit firmness in harvest samples was the highest in plots which had received Ca sprays. Apple firmness at harvest was generally low for all treatments and reduced by duration of storage and differences among treatments were not large after 90-day storage. Variation of K/Ca ratio in the apple leaves was slight (0.9–1.4), but a wide range was observed for fruit (19–46). The highest ratio (46) occurred for T 6 and the lowest ratio (19) for T 8 and T 9. An inverse relationship between K/Ca ratios and fruit firmness indicated that on calcareous soils, at least 8-foliar applications of CaCl2 solution were necessary for “Golden Delicious” apple.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf potassium and calcium concentrations exceeded critical thresholds.
- Taxon
- Apple
Malus domesticat0 - Outcome
- K and Ca concentrationse0
- Direction
- exceedede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple”
e0“both K and Ca concentrations exceeded their critical threshold values”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit potassium was high and calcium low.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- concentration of K in the fruite0
- Direction
- highe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple”
e0“The concentration of K in the fruit was high, but Ca was low.”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf and fruit potassium were positively correlated.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- leafe0
- Outcome
- fruit Ke0
- Direction
- positivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple”
e0“positive correlation between leaf K and fruit K”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit potassium and soluble solids were positively correlated.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Compound
- Ke0
- Outcome
- total soluble solids concentration (SSC)e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple”
e0“between fruit K and total soluble solids concentration (SSC)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit calcium and firmness were positively correlated.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Compound
- Cae0
- Outcome
- apple fruit firmnesse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple”
e0“between fruit Ca and apple fruit firmness”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit K/Ca ratio and firmness were negatively correlated at harvest.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Compound
- K/Ca ratioe0
- Outcome
- apple fruit firmnesse0
- Direction
- negativee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple”
e0“negative correlations existed between K/Ca ratio and apple fruit firmness at harvest”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium fertilization increased fruit soluble solids.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- K-fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- Apple fruit SSCe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple”
e0“Apple fruit SSC was increased by K-fertilization and storage period”
Claim · model-written summary
Storage increased fruit soluble solids.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- storage periode0
- Outcome
- Apple fruit SSCe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple”
e0“Apple fruit SSC was increased by K-fertilization and storage period”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium-sprayed plots had the firmest fruit at harvest.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Ca sprayse0
- Outcome
- Fruit firmnesse0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple”
e0“Fruit firmness in harvest samples was the highest in plots which had received Ca sprays”
Claim · model-written summary
Storage duration reduced apple firmness.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- duration of storagee0
- Outcome
- Apple firmnesse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple”
e0“Apple firmness at harvest was generally low for all treatments and reduced by duration of storage”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment differences in firmness were small after 90 days of storage.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- differences among treatmentse0
- Qualifier
- 90-day storagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple”
e0“differences among treatments were not large after 90-day storage”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf K/Ca ratio varied slightly from 0.9 to 1.4.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- apple leavese0
- Outcome
- Variation of K/Ca ratioe0
- Value
- 0.9–1.4e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple”
e0“Variation of K/Ca ratio in the apple leaves was slight (0.9–1.4)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit K/Ca ratio ranged from 19 to 46.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- fruite0
- Outcome
- rangee0
- Value
- 19–46e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple”
e0“a wide range was observed for fruit (19–46)”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment T 6 had the highest K/Ca ratio of 46.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple”
e0“The highest ratio (46) occurred for T 6”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatments T 8 and T 9 had the lowest K/Ca ratio of 19.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- ratioe0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 19e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple”
e0“the lowest ratio (19) for T 8 and T 9”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommended at least eight foliar CaCl2 applications on calcareous soils.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Outcome
- at least 8-foliar applications of CaCl2 solutione0
- Setting
- calcareous soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple”
e0“on calcareous soils, at least 8-foliar applications of CaCl2 solution were necessary for “Golden Delicious” apple”
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See all 118 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.