Abstract
The effect of nitrogen (N) application rates at active tillering and anthesis on grain yield and protein content of a bread wheat cultivar, ‘Minaminokaori’, was examined in the field study conducted in Fukuoka, Japan. Number of spikes, leaf area index (LAI), and SPAD value at anthesis increased significantly (P < 0.05) with increasing N application rate at active tillering. Grain yield also increased significantly (P < 0.05) because of the increased number of spikes. However, grain yield did not increase significantly (P > 0.05) with increasing N application rate at anthesis. The slope of the relationship between N application rate at active tillering and grain yield was about 3 times that of the relationship between N application rate at anthesis and grain yield. These results indicate that N application at active tillering is more effective than N application at anthesis for increasing grain yield. Increasing N application rate at active tillering and anthesis generally increased grain protein content. However, the slope of the relationship between N application rate at anthesis and grain protein content was about 2 times that of the relationship between N application rate at active tillering and grain protein content. These results indicate that N application at anthesis is more effective than N application at active tillering for increasing grain protein content. The interaction between N application rates at active tillering and anthesis was significant (P < 0.05) for grain protein content. With the application of 4 g N m–2 at active tillering, grain protein content increased linearly at a rate of about 0.5% per 1 g N m–2 (from 10.9% to 14.0%) with increasing N application rate (from 0 to 6 g N m–2) at anthesis. However, the rate of increase in grain protein content with increasing N application rate at anthesis was greater with 0 g N m–2 at active tillering than that with 4 g N m–2 at active tillering, whereas that with 8 g N m–2 at active tillering was smaller than that with 4 g N m–2 at active tillering. Application of 8 g N m–2 at tillering resulted in the highest SPAD value at anthesis; this was followed by the results for 4 and 0 g N m–2. Therefore, the SPAD value may be an important trait to decide N application rate at anthesis.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
N application at active tillering increased spike number, LAI and SPAD value at anthesis in bread wheat in a Fukuoka field study.
- Taxon
- bread wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Material
- Minaminokaorie0
- Treatment
- N application rate at active tilleringe1
- Outcome
- Number of spikes, leaf area index (LAI), and SPAD value at anthesise1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- P < 0.05e1
- Setting
- field study conducted in Fukuoka, Japane0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effect of nitrogen (N) application rates at active tillering and anthesis on grain yield and protein content of a bread wheat cultivar, ‘Minaminokaori’, was examined in the field study conducted in Fukuoka, Japan.”
e1“Number of spikes, leaf area index (LAI), and SPAD value at anthesis increased significantly (P < 0.05) with increasing N application rate at active tillering”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield increased significantly in bread wheat, which the authors attribute to more spikes.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- Minaminokaorie0
- Outcome
- Grain yielde2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Qualifier
- because of the increased number of spikese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effect of nitrogen (N) application rates at active tillering and anthesis on grain yield and protein content of a bread wheat cultivar, ‘Minaminokaori’, was examined in the field study conducted in Fukuoka, Japan.”
e2“Grain yield also increased significantly (P < 0.05) because of the increased number of spikes”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield did not increase significantly with increasing N application at anthesis in bread wheat.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- Minaminokaorie0
- Treatment
- increasing N application rate at anthesise3
- Outcome
- grain yielde3
- Direction
- did not increasee3
- Qualifier
- P > 0.05e3
- Setting
- field study conducted in Fukuoka, Japane0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effect of nitrogen (N) application rates at active tillering and anthesis on grain yield and protein content of a bread wheat cultivar, ‘Minaminokaori’, was examined in the field study conducted in Fukuoka, Japan.”
e3“grain yield did not increase significantly (P > 0.05) with increasing N application rate at anthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
The slope of grain yield on N rate at active tillering was about 3 times that on N rate at anthesis.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- The slope of the relationship between N application rate at active tillering and grain yielde4
- Value
- about 3 timese4
- Comparator
- the relationship between N application rate at anthesis and grain yielde4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effect of nitrogen (N) application rates at active tillering and anthesis on grain yield and protein content of a bread wheat cultivar, ‘Minaminokaori’, was examined in the field study conducted in Fukuoka, Japan.”
e4“The slope of the relationship between N application rate at active tillering and grain yield was about 3 times that of the relationship between N application rate at anthesis and grain yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing N application at both tillering and anthesis generally increased grain protein content in bread wheat.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- Minaminokaorie0
- Treatment
- Increasing N application rate at active tillering and anthesise5
- Outcome
- grain protein contente5
- Direction
- generally increasede5
- Setting
- field study conducted in Fukuoka, Japane0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effect of nitrogen (N) application rates at active tillering and anthesis on grain yield and protein content of a bread wheat cultivar, ‘Minaminokaori’, was examined in the field study conducted in Fukuoka, Japan.”
e5“Increasing N application rate at active tillering and anthesis generally increased grain protein content”
Claim · model-written summary
The slope of grain protein content on N rate at anthesis was about 2 times that on N rate at active tillering.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- slope of the relationship between N application rate at anthesis and grain protein contente6
- Value
- about 2 timese6
- Comparator
- relationship between N application rate at active tillering and grain protein contente6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effect of nitrogen (N) application rates at active tillering and anthesis on grain yield and protein content of a bread wheat cultivar, ‘Minaminokaori’, was examined in the field study conducted in Fukuoka, Japan.”
e6“the slope of the relationship between N application rate at anthesis and grain protein content was about 2 times that of the relationship between N application rate at active tillering and grain protein content”
Claim · model-written summary
The interaction between N rates at active tillering and anthesis was significant for grain protein content.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- interaction between N application rates at active tillering and anthesise7
- Qualifier
- for grain protein contente7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effect of nitrogen (N) application rates at active tillering and anthesis on grain yield and protein content of a bread wheat cultivar, ‘Minaminokaori’, was examined in the field study conducted in Fukuoka, Japan.”
e7“The interaction between N application rates at active tillering and anthesis was significant (P < 0.05) for grain protein content”
Claim · model-written summary
With 4 g N m–2 at active tillering, grain protein content increased linearly by about 0.5% per 1 g N m–2 of N at anthesis.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- increasing N application ratee1
- Outcome
- grain protein contente1
- Direction
- increased linearlye1
- Value
- about 0.5% per 1 g N m–2e1
- Qualifier
- With the application of 4 g N m–2 at active tilleringe1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effect of nitrogen (N) application rates at active tillering and anthesis on grain yield and protein content of a bread wheat cultivar, ‘Minaminokaori’, was examined in the field study conducted in Fukuoka, Japan.”
e1“With the application of 4 g N m–2 at active tillering, grain protein content increased linearly at a rate of about 0.5% per 1 g N m–2 (from 10.9% to 14.0%) with increasing N application rate (from 0 to 6 g N m–2) at anthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
With 4 g N m–2 at active tillering, grain protein content rose from 10.9% to 14.0% as N at anthesis increased from 0 to 6 g N m–2.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- increasing N application ratee1
- Outcome
- grain protein contente1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- from 10.9% to 14.0%e1
- Qualifier
- from 0 to 6 g N m–2e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effect of nitrogen (N) application rates at active tillering and anthesis on grain yield and protein content of a bread wheat cultivar, ‘Minaminokaori’, was examined in the field study conducted in Fukuoka, Japan.”
e1“With the application of 4 g N m–2 at active tillering, grain protein content increased linearly at a rate of about 0.5% per 1 g N m–2 (from 10.9% to 14.0%) with increasing N application rate (from 0 to 6 g N m–2) at anthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
The rate of increase in grain protein content with N at anthesis was greater with 0 g N m–2 at tillering than with 4 g N m–2 at tillering.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- increasing N application rate at anthesise1
- Outcome
- rate of increase in grain protein contente1
- Direction
- greatere1
- Qualifier
- with 0 g N m–2 at active tilleringe1
- Comparator
- 4 g N m–2 at active tilleringe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effect of nitrogen (N) application rates at active tillering and anthesis on grain yield and protein content of a bread wheat cultivar, ‘Minaminokaori’, was examined in the field study conducted in Fukuoka, Japan.”
e1“the rate of increase in grain protein content with increasing N application rate at anthesis was greater with 0 g N m–2 at active tillering than that with 4 g N m–2 at active tillering, whereas that with 8 g N m–2 at active tillering was smaller than that with 4 g N m–2 at active tillering”
Claim · model-written summary
With 8 g N m–2 at tillering, the rate of increase in grain protein content with N at anthesis was smaller than with 4 g N m–2 at tillering.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 8 g N m–2 at active tilleringe1
- Outcome
- rate of increase in grain protein contente1
- Direction
- smallere1
- Comparator
- 4 g N m–2 at active tilleringe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effect of nitrogen (N) application rates at active tillering and anthesis on grain yield and protein content of a bread wheat cultivar, ‘Minaminokaori’, was examined in the field study conducted in Fukuoka, Japan.”
e1“the rate of increase in grain protein content with increasing N application rate at anthesis was greater with 0 g N m–2 at active tillering than that with 4 g N m–2 at active tillering, whereas that with 8 g N m–2 at active tillering was smaller than that with 4 g N m–2 at active tillering”
Claim · model-written summary
8 g N m–2 at tillering gave the highest SPAD value at anthesis, followed by 4 and 0 g N m–2.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Application of 8 g N m–2 at tilleringe1
- Outcome
- SPAD value at anthesise1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Comparator
- the results for 4 and 0 g N m–2e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effect of nitrogen (N) application rates at active tillering and anthesis on grain yield and protein content of a bread wheat cultivar, ‘Minaminokaori’, was examined in the field study conducted in Fukuoka, Japan.”
e1“Application of 8 g N m–2 at tillering resulted in the highest SPAD value at anthesis; this was followed by the results for 4 and 0 g N m–2”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest SPAD value may be an important trait for deciding the N rate at anthesis in bread wheat.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- SPAD valuee1
- Qualifier
- to decide N application rate at anthesise1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effect of nitrogen (N) application rates at active tillering and anthesis on grain yield and protein content of a bread wheat cultivar, ‘Minaminokaori’, was examined in the field study conducted in Fukuoka, Japan.”
e1“Therefore, the SPAD value may be an important trait to decide N application rate at anthesis”
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