Abstract
Summary: Résumé: Zusammenfassung In field experiments with spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Neepawa), the low rate (0·02 kg ha ‐1 ) of chlorsulfuron significantly reduced wild oat control from individual applications of only barban and diclofop‐methyl. The high rate (008 kg ha ‐1 ) affected wild oat control by all four graminicides, including difenzoquat and flam‐prop‐methyl. In most cases, the graminicides did not affect the broad‐leaved weed control of chlorsulfuran. Overall, a low rate of chlorsulfuron in mixture with graminicides did not reduce wheat yield, whereas a high rate of chlorsulfuron in the mixtures gave a significant yield reduction compared with individual graminicides applied alone. All herbicide treatments increased wheat yield over the control. In the glasshouse, reduction in wild oat control by diclofop‐methyl was directly related to the rate of chlorsulfuron added to diclofop‐methyl. The effect of 0·02 kg ha ‐1 chlorsulfuron on control of wild oat was decreased when the rate of diclofop‐methyl increased from 0·5 to 0·9 kg ha ‐1 and was completely eliminated when diclofop‐methyl reached 1·1 kg ha ‐1 . Conversely, diclofop‐methyl (0·7 and 1·1 kg ha ‐1 ) gave some reduction of wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retrofiexus L.) control by chlorsulfuron (0·01 and 0·02 kg ha ‐1 ), even though in some cases diclofop‐methyl/chlorsul‐furon gave better control of these broad‐leaved weeds. In the laboratory, the absorption and translocation of [ 14 C]‐diclofop‐nieihyl in wild oat seedlings were significantly reduced when chlorsulfuron was added, compared with [ 14 C]‐diclo‐fop‐methyl applied alone. Effet du chlorsulfuron sur l'efficacité et l'effet sur le rendement de quatre graminicides Dans des essais de plein champ sur blé de printemps (Triticuni aestivum L., cv. Neepawa), la faible dose (0, 02 kg ha ‐1 ) de chlorsulfuron a réduit significativement l'efficacité d'une application séparée de barbane et de diclofop‐methyl. La forte dose (0, 08 kg ha ‐1 ) a contrarié la destruction de la folle avoine pour les quatre graminicides dont le difenzoquat et le flamprop‐methyl. Dans la plupart des cas, les graminicides n'ont pas eu d'incidence sur la destruction des dicotylédones par le chlorsulfuron. Par ailleurs. une faible dose de chlorsulfuron en mélange avec les graminicides n'a pas réduit le rendement en blé, en revanche, une forte dose de chlorsulfuron en mélange a entrainé une baisse significative de rendement en comparaison des graminicides appliqués seuls. Tous les traitements herbicides ont entrainé un gain de rendement par rapport au témoin non traité. En serre, la réduction d'efficacité sur folle avoine du diclofop‐methyl était directement correlée à la dose de chlorsulfuron ajouté. Les effets de 0, 02 kg ha ‐1 sur la destruction de la folle avoine baissaient quand le niveau de diclofop‐methyl augmentait de 0,5 à 0,9 kg ha ‐1 et étaient complètement éliminés quand la dose de diclofop‐methyl atteignait 1, 1 kg ha ‐1 . Par ailleurs, le diclofop‐méthyl (0,7 et 1,1 kg ha ‐1 ) a réduit l'efficacité du chlorsulfuron (0,01 et 0,02 kg ha ‐1 ) sur la sanve (Sinapis arvensis L.) et l'amaranthe réflechie (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) même si dans certains cas l'association diclofop‐mélhyl‐chtorsulfuron a eu une meilleure efficacité sur ces mauvaises herbes. Au laboratoire, l'ab sorption et la translocation du diclofop‐methyl C 14 dans les plantules de folle avoine ont été réduites significativement par l'addition de chlor‐sulfuron en comparaison du diciofop‐méthyl C 14 appliqué seul. Wirkung von Chlorsulfuron zusammen mil Vier Graminiziden auf die Unkrautbekämpfung und den Ertrag von Weizen In Freilandversuehen mit Sommerweizen (Triticum aesttotm L. ‘Neepawa’) verminderie Chlorsulfuron in niedriger Aufwandmenge (0,02 kg ha ‐1 ) den Bekämpfungserfolg gegen Flug‐Hafer nur bei Barban und Diclofop‐menthyl. Die hohe Aufwandmenge (0,08 kg ha ‐1 )beeinträchtigte die Wirkung aller 4 Graminizide, einschliesslich Difenzoquat und Flamprop‐methyl. Die Graminizide beeinfiussten die Wirkung von Chlorsulfuron gegen zweikeimblättrige Arten meistens nicht, Der Weizenertrag blieb bei der Mischung der niedrigen Aufwandmenge von Chlorsulfuron mit den Graminiziden unverändert, die hohe Aufwandmenge führte aber in den Mischungen zu einem signifikaten Abfall des Ertrags, vergli‐chen mit dem bei Anwendung der Graminizide allein. Mit allen Herbizidbehandlungen wurden gegenüber Unbehandelt höhere Erträge erzielt. Im Gewächshaus war die Wirkung von Diclofopmethyl gegen Flug‐Hafer direkt von der zugefügten Menge an Chlorsulfuron abhängig. Der Einfluss von 0,02 kg ha ‐1 Chlorsulfuron aif die Bekämpfung von Fiug‐Hafer nahm ab. wenn die Aufwundmenge von Diclofop‐methyl von 0,5 auf 0,9 kg ha ‐1 gesteigert wurde; bei 1, 1 kg ha ‐1 Diclofop‐methyl war er aufgehoben. Andererseits trat bei 0,7 und 1,1 kg ha ‐1 Diclofop‐methyl eine Minderung der Wirkung von Chlosulfuron (0,01 und 0,02 kg ha ‐1 ) gegen Acker‐Senf (Sina‐psis arvensis L.) und Zurückgekrümmten Fuchsschwanz (Amarenthus retroflexus L.) ein, wenn auch dise Mischung in einigen Fällen gegen dise Arten starker wirkte. Im Labor wurde einc signifikant geringere Absorption und Trans‐lokation von 14 C‐Diclofop‐methyl in Keimpflan‐zen des Flug‐Hafers beobachtet, wenn Chlorsulfuron zugefügt worden war.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Low-rate chlorsulfuron significantly reduced barban wild oat control.
- Taxon
- spring wheat
Triticum aestivume3 - Treatment
- 0·02 kg ha ‐1 ) of chlorsulfurone0
- Interactor
- wild oate0weed
- Outcome
- wild oat controle0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- barbane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the low rate (0·02 kg ha ‐1 ) of chlorsulfuron significantly reduced wild oat control from individual applications of only barban and diclofop‐methyl.”
e3“spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Neepawa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Low-rate chlorsulfuron significantly reduced diclofop-methyl wild oat control.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivume3
- Treatment
- 0·02 kg ha ‐1 ) of chlorsulfurone0
- Interactor
- wild oate0weed
- Outcome
- wild oat controle0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- diclofop‐methyle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the low rate (0·02 kg ha ‐1 ) of chlorsulfuron significantly reduced wild oat control from individual applications of only barban and diclofop‐methyl.”
e3“spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Neepawa)”
Claim · model-written summary
High-rate chlorsulfuron affected wild oat control by all four graminicides.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivume3
- Treatment
- high rate (008 kg ha ‐1 )e0
- Interactor
- wild oate0weed
- Outcome
- wild oat controle0
- Comparator
- all four graminicidese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The high rate (008 kg ha ‐1 ) affected wild oat control by all four graminicides, including difenzoquat and flam‐prop‐methyl.”
t0“wheat”
e3“spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Neepawa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Graminicides generally did not affect chlorsulfuron broad-leaved weed control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- graminicidese0
- Interactor
- broad‐leaved weede0weed
- Outcome
- broad‐leaved weed controle0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In most cases, the graminicides did not affect the broad‐leaved weed control of chlorsulfuran.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Low-rate chlorsulfuron mixed with graminicides did not reduce wheat yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- low rate of chlorsulfuron in mixture with graminicidese0
- Outcome
- wheat yielde0
- Direction
- did not reducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a low rate of chlorsulfuron in mixture with graminicides did not reduce wheat yield”
Claim · model-written summary
High-rate chlorsulfuron mixtures significantly reduced wheat yield versus graminicides alone.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- high rate of chlorsulfuron in the mixturese0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Comparator
- individual graminicides applied alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a high rate of chlorsulfuron in the mixtures gave a significant yield reduction compared with individual graminicides applied alone.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicide treatments increased wheat yield versus untreated control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- All herbicide treatmentse0
- Outcome
- wheat yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All herbicide treatments increased wheat yield over the control.”
Claim · model-written summary
In glasshouse, increasing chlorsulfuron rate was directly related to reduced diclofop-methyl wild oat control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- rate of chlorsulfuron added to diclofop‐methyle0
- Interactor
- wild oate0weed
- Outcome
- wild oat controle0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Setting
- glasshousee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the glasshouse, reduction in wild oat control by diclofop‐methyl was directly related to the rate of chlorsulfuron added to diclofop‐methyl.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Raising diclofop-methyl from 0.5 to 0.9 kg/ha decreased the adverse effect of chlorsulfuron on wild oat control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- diclofop‐methyl increased from 0·5 to 0·9 kg ha ‐1e0
- Interactor
- wild oate0weed
- Outcome
- effect of 0·02 kg ha ‐1 chlorsulfuron on control of wild oate0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effect of 0·02 kg ha ‐1 chlorsulfuron on control of wild oat was decreased when the rate of diclofop‐methyl increased from 0·5 to 0·9 kg ha ‐1”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
At 1.1 kg/ha diclofop-methyl, the adverse chlorsulfuron effect on wild oat control was eliminated.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- diclofop‐methyl reached 1·1 kg ha ‐1e0
- Interactor
- wild oate1weed
- Outcome
- completely eliminatede0
- Direction
- eliminatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“was completely eliminated when diclofop‐methyl reached 1·1 kg ha ‐1”
t0“wheat”
e1“reduction in wild oat control by diclofop‐methyl”
Claim · model-written summary
Diclofop-methyl reduced chlorsulfuron control of wild mustard.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- diclofop‐methyl (0·7 and 1·1 kg ha ‐1 )e0
- Interactor
- wild mustarde0weed
- Outcome
- wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.)e0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“diclofop‐methyl (0·7 and 1·1 kg ha ‐1 ) gave some reduction of wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retrofiexus L.) control by chlorsulfuron”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Diclofop-methyl reduced chlorsulfuron control of redroot pigweed.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- diclofop‐methyl (0·7 and 1·1 kg ha ‐1 )e0
- Interactor
- redroot pigweede0weed
- Outcome
- redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retrofiexus L.) controle0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“diclofop‐methyl (0·7 and 1·1 kg ha ‐1 ) gave some reduction of wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retrofiexus L.) control by chlorsulfuron”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Some diclofop-methyl and chlorsulfuron combinations gave better broad-leaved weed control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- diclofop‐methyl/chlorsul‐furone0
- Interactor
- broad‐leaved weedse0weed
- Outcome
- control of these broad‐leaved weedse0
- Direction
- bettere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in some cases diclofop‐methyl/chlorsul‐furon gave better control of these broad‐leaved weeds.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding chlorsulfuron reduced labeled diclofop-methyl absorption in wild oat seedlings.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- chlorsulfuron was addede0
- Interactor
- wild oate0weed
- Outcome
- absorption and translocation of [ 14 C]‐diclofop‐nieihyl in wild oat seedlingse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- [ 14 C]‐diclo‐fop‐methyl applied alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the absorption and translocation of [ 14 C]‐diclofop‐nieihyl in wild oat seedlings were significantly reduced when chlorsulfuron was added, compared with [ 14 C]‐diclo‐fop‐methyl applied alone.”
t0“wheat”
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