Abstract
The performance of seed treatment products for maize usually is evaluated in field experiments, where it is difficult to assess their effects on specific important pathogens such as fungi in the genus Fusarium. To evaluate three fungicidal seed treatments (captan, difenoconazole, and fludioxonil) against six Fusarium species that infect maize seed or seedlings, we conducted experiments in the laboratory and in growth chambers. In the laboratory experiments, treated and nontreated seeds of two maize hybrids were incubated on the surface of an agar medium colonized by each of 12 Fusarium isolates. The fungi did not reduce seed germination, but most Fusarium isolates caused decay of the seed and radicle, and arrested the development of the radicle. All three fungicides significantly reduced the colonization and decay of the seeds and radicles by Fusarium isolates and resulted in greater radicle lengths, but there were significant interactions between the effects of fungicide treatments and Fusarium isolates. Overall, difenoconazole was the most effective fungicide for the prevention of seed colonization and decay. Fludioxonil was overall the most effective fungicide in terms of increased radicle length, particularly when seed was exposed to isolates of F. graminearum, which were among the most aggressive isolates in the experiments. In the growth chamber experiments, seeds were planted in a Fusarium-infested potting medium, which resulted in lower emergence, shoot length, root length, and dry weight of seedlings compared to the noninfested control. Some isolates also caused root rot symptoms. All three fungicides significantly improved shoot and root length and root health, difenoconazole and fludioxonil significantly improved emergence, and only difeno-conazole significantly improved dry weight compared to the nontreated control. There were significant rank correlations between the results of the laboratory and growth chamber experiments in terms of relative aggressiveness of the isolates and relative efficacy of the fungicides. The laboratory experiments were more sensitive in terms of detecting differences in fungicide performance. These results indicate that all three fungicides were effective against Fusarium, but difenoconazole and fludioxonil generally were more effective than captan; the fungicides also differed in efficacy against different Fusarium species.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Fusarium fungi did not reduce maize seed germination.
Zea mays
FusariumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The fungi did not reduce seed germination”
t0“Maize”
e1“most Fusarium isolates caused decay of the seed and radicle, and arrested the development of the radicle”
Claim · model-written summary
Most Fusarium isolates caused seed and radicle decay and arrested radicle development.
- Outcome
- decay of the seed and radiclee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“most Fusarium isolates caused decay of the seed and radicle, and arrested the development of the radicle”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
All three fungicides reduced Fusarium colonization and decay of maize seeds and radicles.
- Treatment
- All three fungicidese0
- Outcome
- colonization and decay of the seeds and radiclese0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All three fungicides significantly reduced the colonization and decay of the seeds and radicles by Fusarium isolates”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
All three fungicides increased maize radicle length.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All three fungicides significantly reduced the colonization and decay of the seeds and radicles by Fusarium isolates and resulted in greater radicle lengths”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide effects varied significantly by Fusarium isolate.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there were significant interactions between the effects of fungicide treatments and Fusarium isolates”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Difenoconazole was most effective for prevention of seed colonization and decay.
- Treatment
- difenoconazolee0
- Outcome
- prevention of seed colonization and decaye0
- Direction
- most effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“difenoconazole was the most effective fungicide for the prevention of seed colonization and decay”
t0“Maize”
e1“most Fusarium isolates caused decay of the seed and radicle, and arrested the development of the radicle”
Claim · model-written summary
Fludioxonil was most effective for increased radicle length, especially with F. graminearum.
- Treatment
- Fludioxonile0
- Interactor
- F. graminearum
_on_Corn_(Zea_mays)_at_Waimea%2C_Hawaii.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium graminearume0pathogen - Outcome
- radicle lengthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_on_Corn_(Zea_mays)_at_Waimea%2C_Hawaii.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Fludioxonil was overall the most effective fungicide in terms of increased radicle length, particularly when seed was exposed to isolates of F. graminearum”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
F. graminearum isolates were among the most aggressive.
- Interactor
- F. graminearumFusarium graminearume0pathogen
- Outcome
- most aggressive isolatese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“F. graminearum, which were among the most aggressive isolates in the experiments”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Fusarium infestation lowered emergence, shoot length, root length and seedling dry weight.
- Treatment
- Fusarium-infested potting mediume0
- Outcome
- emergence, shoot length, root length, and dry weight of seedlingse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- noninfested controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fusarium-infested potting medium, which resulted in lower emergence, shoot length, root length, and dry weight of seedlings compared to the noninfested control”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Some Fusarium isolates caused maize root rot.
- Outcome
- root rot symptomse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Some isolates also caused root rot symptoms”
t0“Maize”
e1“most Fusarium isolates caused decay of the seed and radicle, and arrested the development of the radicle”
Claim · model-written summary
All three fungicides improved shoot and root length and root health.
- Treatment
- All three fungicidese0
- Outcome
- shoot and root length and root healthe0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- nontreated controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All three fungicides significantly improved shoot and root length and root health”
t0“Maize”
e1“only difeno-conazole significantly improved dry weight compared to the nontreated control”
e2“most Fusarium isolates caused decay of the seed and radicle, and arrested the development of the radicle”
Claim · model-written summary
Difenoconazole and fludioxonil improved emergence.
- Treatment
- difenoconazole and fludioxonile0
- Outcome
- emergencee0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- nontreated controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“difenoconazole and fludioxonil significantly improved emergence”
t0“Maize”
e1“only difeno-conazole significantly improved dry weight compared to the nontreated control”
e2“most Fusarium isolates caused decay of the seed and radicle, and arrested the development of the radicle”
Claim · model-written summary
Only difenoconazole improved dry weight.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“only difeno-conazole significantly improved dry weight compared to the nontreated control”
t0“Maize”
e1“most Fusarium isolates caused decay of the seed and radicle, and arrested the development of the radicle”
Claim · model-written summary
Laboratory and growth chamber results were rank correlated for isolate aggressiveness and fungicide efficacy.
- Outcome
- relative aggressiveness of the isolates and relative efficacy of the fungicidese0
- Setting
- laboratory and growth chamber experimentse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant rank correlations between the results of the laboratory and growth chamber experiments in terms of relative aggressiveness of the isolates and relative efficacy of the fungicides”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Laboratory experiments were more sensitive to fungicide performance differences.
- Outcome
- detecting differences in fungicide performancee0
- Direction
- more sensitivee0
- Comparator
- growth chamber experimentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“laboratory experiments were more sensitive in terms of detecting differences in fungicide performance”
t0“Maize”
e1“significant rank correlations between the results of the laboratory and growth chamber experiments in terms of relative aggressiveness of the isolates and relative efficacy of the fungicides”
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See all 87 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.