Abstract
Abstract Loblolly pine seedlings were grown in microplots amended with 34 or 68 Mg ha −1 of one of five sewage sludges; (i) old sludge from Athens, GA, (ii) fresh sludge from Athens, GA, and sludges of undetermined age (ii) from Aikens, SC, (iv) from Newberry, FL, and (v) from Chicago, IL. Newberry sludge and fresh Athens sludge supported growth comparable to the inorganic fertilizer control. Seedlings grown with Chicago sludge grew well at the 68 Mg ha −1 rate (23.6 cm in height, 4.2 cm in root collar diameter and weighing 8.3 g) but were not as large as those grown with fertilizer (22.8 cm in height, 5.3 cm in root collar diameter and weighing 12.2 g). Seedlings grown with old Athens or Aiken sludge did not grow well and most of them were not of plantable size (i.e. 15 cm in height and 3.5 mm in root collar diameter). Pisolithus tinctorius did not form ectomycorrhizae on seedlings grown with the sludges as well as on seedlings grown with fertilizer (in most cases < 23% of short roots compared to 63% for controls). Thelephora terrestris formed ectomycorrhizae as readily on seedlings grown with the sludges as those grown with fertilizer when inoculation with the fungus was artificial; natural ectomycorrhizae, however, did not form as readily with some sludges as with fertilizer. When grown with Chicago sludge, roots, stems, and needles of seedlings had significantly more cadmium (two‐ to fourfold) than seedlings grown with other sludges. Poor growth of seedlings grown in old Athens sludge is assumed to be due to deficiencies of macronutrients, since fresh Athens sludge supported good growth. With Aiken sludge and to a lesser degree, Chicago sludge, toxicity of heavy metals is considered to be a possible factor contributing to poor seedling growth.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Newberry sludge supported growth comparable to fertilizer.
- Taxon
- Loblolly pine
Pinus taedae1 - Treatment
- Newberry sludgee0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- comparablee0
- Comparator
- inorganic fertilizer controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Newberry sludge and fresh Athens sludge supported growth comparable to the inorganic fertilizer control”
e1“Loblolly pine seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Fresh Athens sludge supported growth comparable to fertilizer.
- Taxon
- Loblolly pinePinus taedae1
- Treatment
- fresh Athens sludgee0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- comparablee0
- Comparator
- inorganic fertilizer controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Newberry sludge and fresh Athens sludge supported growth comparable to the inorganic fertilizer control”
e1“Loblolly pine seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Chicago sludge at 68 Mg ha −1 produced smaller seedlings than fertilizer.
- Taxon
- Loblolly pinePinus taedae1
- Treatment
- Chicago sludgee0
- Outcome
- seedlingse0
- Direction
- not as largee0
- Qualifier
- 68 Mg ha −1e0
- Comparator
- fertilizere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seedlings grown with Chicago sludge grew well at the 68 Mg ha −1 rate (23.6 cm in height, 4.2 cm in root collar diameter and weighing 8.3 g) but were not as large as those grown with fertilizer (22.8 cm in height, 5.3 cm in root collar diameter and weighing 12.2 g)”
e1“Loblolly pine seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Old Athens sludge yielded poor growth and mostly nonplantable seedlings.
- Taxon
- Loblolly pinePinus taedae1
- Treatment
- old Athense0
- Outcome
- did not grow well and most of them were not of plantable sizee0
- Direction
- did not grow welle0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seedlings grown with old Athens or Aiken sludge did not grow well and most of them were not of plantable size”
e1“Loblolly pine seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Aiken sludge yielded poor growth and mostly nonplantable seedlings.
- Taxon
- Loblolly pinePinus taedae1
- Treatment
- Aiken sludgee0
- Outcome
- did not grow well and most of them were not of plantable sizee0
- Direction
- did not grow welle0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seedlings grown with old Athens or Aiken sludge did not grow well and most of them were not of plantable size”
e1“Loblolly pine seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Pisolithus ectomycorrhizae formed less readily under sludges than fertilizer.
- Taxon
- Loblolly pinePinus taedae1
- Treatment
- the sludgese0
- Interactor
- Pisolithus tinctorius
Pisolithus tinctoriuse0symbiont - Outcome
- Pisolithus tinctorius did not form ectomycorrhizaee0
- Direction
- did not forme0
- Value
- < 23%e0
- Comparator
- fertilizere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pisolithus tinctorius did not form ectomycorrhizae on seedlings grown with the sludges as well as on seedlings grown with fertilizer (in most cases < 23% of short roots compared to 63% for controls)”
e1“Loblolly pine seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Artificially inoculated Thelephora formed ectomycorrhizae equally readily on sludge and fertilizer seedlings.
- Taxon
- Loblolly pinePinus taedae1
- Treatment
- the sludgese0
- Interactor
- Thelephora terrestris
Thelephora terrestrise0symbiont - Outcome
- Thelephora terrestris formed ectomycorrhizaee0
- Direction
- as readilye0
- Comparator
- fertilizere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Thelephora terrestris formed ectomycorrhizae as readily on seedlings grown with the sludges as those grown with fertilizer when inoculation with the fungus was artificial”
e1“Loblolly pine seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Natural ectomycorrhizae formed less readily under some sludges than fertilizer.
- Taxon
- Loblolly pinePinus taedae1
- Treatment
- some sludgese0
- Outcome
- natural ectomycorrhizaee0
- Direction
- did not form as readilye0
- Comparator
- fertilizere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“natural ectomycorrhizae, however, did not form as readily with some sludges as with fertilizer”
e1“Loblolly pine seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Chicago sludge increased cadmium in seedling roots, stems and needles two to fourfold versus other sludges.
- Taxon
- Loblolly pinePinus taedae1
- Organ / stage
- roots, stems, and needlese0
- Treatment
- Chicago sludgee0
- Outcome
- cadmiume0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- two‐ to fourfolde0
- Comparator
- other sludgese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When grown with Chicago sludge, roots, stems, and needles of seedlings had significantly more cadmium (two‐ to fourfold) than seedlings grown with other sludges”
e1“Loblolly pine seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attributed poor growth under old Athens sludge to macronutrient deficiency.
- Taxon
- Loblolly pinePinus taedae1
- Treatment
- old Athens sludgee0
- Compound
- macronutrientse0
- Outcome
- Poor growthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Poor growth of seedlings grown in old Athens sludge is assumed to be due to deficiencies of macronutrients”
e1“Loblolly pine seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors considered heavy metal toxicity a possible cause of poor growth with Aiken sludge.
- Taxon
- Loblolly pinePinus taedae1
- Treatment
- Aiken sludgee0
- Compound
- heavy metalse0
- Outcome
- poor seedling growthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With Aiken sludge and to a lesser degree, Chicago sludge, toxicity of heavy metals is considered to be a possible factor contributing to poor seedling growth”
e1“Loblolly pine seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors considered heavy metal toxicity a lesser possible cause of poor growth with Chicago sludge.
- Taxon
- Loblolly pinePinus taedae1
- Treatment
- Chicago sludgee0
- Compound
- heavy metalse0
- Outcome
- poor seedling growthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With Aiken sludge and to a lesser degree, Chicago sludge, toxicity of heavy metals is considered to be a possible factor contributing to poor seedling growth”
e1“Loblolly pine seedlings”
The same questions in other papers
organic · nutrient: content · Pinus taeda (loblolly pine)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
organic · growth · Pinus taeda (loblolly pine)Positive and negative results
3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.