Abstract
Abstract The presence of large panicles enables to reach a sufficient number of surviving spikelets per unit area for further increase of rice yield. However, the response of differentiated and degenerated spikelets to environmental factors in terms of number in cultivars with large panicles has not been elucidated. By applying top-dressing at different rates and frequencies, shading, and day/night temperature treatments in pot experiments, we observed the response of the main stem in two cultivars with large panicles: Yangdao 4 (Chinese indica) and Akenohoshi (Japanese japonica-indica hybrid). The results showed that top-dressing increased the number of differentiated spikelets per panicle and decreased the percentage of degenerated spikelets. Consequently, the number of surviving spikelets per panicle increased. Shading increased the percentage of degenerated spikelets, resulting in the decrease of the number of surviving spikelets per panicle. Higher day/night temperature treatments led to a higher percentage of degenerated spikelets. The treatments affected mainly the spikelets on the secondary branches, while the number of spikelets on the primary branches did not change appreciably, irrespective of the presence of differentiated, degenerated, and surviving spikelets. The influence on the number of surviving spikelets per panicle depended on the number of differentiated spikelets. Shading effect on the percentage of degenerated spikelets also depended on the number of differentiated spikelets per panicle. The decrease of the percentage of degenerated spikelets was associated with the increase of the shoot dry weight (SDW) at heading and the ratio of SDW-differentiated spikelets. The SDW and N absorption at heading affected more significantly the number of surviving spikelets compared to the ratio of surviving spikelets-SDW and surviving spikelets-N, respectively. The above results were similar in Akenohoshi and Yangdao 4. In Akenohoshi, the percentage of degenerated spikelets responded much more conspicuously to the change of SDW or the ratio of SDW -differentiated spikelets than that in Yangdao 4. So did the number of surviving spikelets to SDW and N absorption at heading. Akenohoshi showed a higher ratio of surviving spikelets-N than Yangdao 4. These differences may account for the fact that Akenohoshi showed a larger number of surviving spikelets per panicle than Yangdao 4, even at the same levels of SDW and N absorption.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Top-dressing increased differentiated spikelets per panicle.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- top-dressinge0
- Outcome
- number of differentiated spikelets per paniclee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“top-dressing increased the number of differentiated spikelets per panicle”
t0“rice cultivars with large panicles”
Claim · model-written summary
Top-dressing decreased degenerated spikelet percentage.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- top-dressinge0
- Outcome
- percentage of degenerated spikeletse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“top-dressing increased the number of differentiated spikelets per panicle and decreased the percentage of degenerated spikelets.”
t0“rice cultivars with large panicles”
Claim · model-written summary
Top-dressing increased surviving spikelets per panicle.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- top-dressinge0
- Outcome
- number of surviving spikelets per paniclee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results showed that top-dressing increased the number of differentiated spikelets per panicle and decreased the percentage of degenerated spikelets. Consequently, the number of surviving spikelets per panicle increased.”
t0“rice cultivars with large panicles”
Claim · model-written summary
Shading increased degenerated spikelet percentage.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Shadinge0
- Outcome
- percentage of degenerated spikeletse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shading increased the percentage of degenerated spikelets”
t0“rice cultivars with large panicles”
Claim · model-written summary
Shading decreased surviving spikelets per panicle.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Shadinge0
- Outcome
- number of surviving spikelets per paniclee0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shading increased the percentage of degenerated spikelets, resulting in the decrease of the number of surviving spikelets per panicle.”
t0“rice cultivars with large panicles”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher day and night temperature raised degenerated spikelet percentage.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Higher day/night temperature treatmentse0
- Outcome
- percentage of degenerated spikeletse0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher day/night temperature treatments led to a higher percentage of degenerated spikelets.”
t0“rice cultivars with large panicles”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatments mainly affected secondary-branch spikelets.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- secondary branchese0
- Outcome
- spikelets on the secondary branchese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The treatments affected mainly the spikelets on the secondary branches”
t0“rice cultivars with large panicles”
Claim · model-written summary
Primary-branch spikelet numbers did not change appreciably.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- number of spikelets on the primary branchese0
- Direction
- did not change appreciablye0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the number of spikelets on the primary branches did not change appreciably”
t0“rice cultivars with large panicles”
Claim · model-written summary
Surviving spikelet response depended on differentiated spikelet number.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- differentiated spikeletse0
- Outcome
- number of surviving spikelets per paniclee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The influence on the number of surviving spikelets per panicle depended on the number of differentiated spikelets.”
t0“rice cultivars with large panicles”
Claim · model-written summary
Shading effect on degeneration depended on differentiated spikelet number.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Shadinge0
- Outcome
- percentage of degenerated spikeletse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Shading effect on the percentage of degenerated spikelets also depended on the number of differentiated spikelets per panicle.”
t0“rice cultivars with large panicles”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher shoot dry weight at heading was associated with less spikelet degeneration.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- headinge0
- Outcome
- percentage of degenerated spikeletse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Qualifier
- shoot dry weight (SDW)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The decrease of the percentage of degenerated spikelets was associated with the increase of the shoot dry weight (SDW) at heading”
t0“rice cultivars with large panicles”
Claim · model-written summary
A higher shoot dry weight to differentiated spikelets ratio was associated with less degeneration.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- differentiated spikeletse0
- Outcome
- percentage of degenerated spikeletse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Qualifier
- ratio of SDW-differentiated spikeletse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The decrease of the percentage of degenerated spikelets was associated with the increase of the shoot dry weight (SDW) at heading and the ratio of SDW-differentiated spikelets.”
t0“rice cultivars with large panicles”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot dry weight and nitrogen absorption at heading affected surviving spikelets more than their respective survival ratios.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- number of surviving spikeletse0
- Comparator
- ratio of surviving spikelets-SDW and surviving spikelets-Ne0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The SDW and N absorption at heading affected more significantly the number of surviving spikelets compared to the ratio of surviving spikelets-SDW and surviving spikelets-N, respectively.”
t0“rice cultivars with large panicles”
Claim · model-written summary
The overall results were similar in Akenohoshi and Yangdao 4.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- Akenohoshi and Yangdao 4e0
- Outcome
- results were similare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The above results were similar in Akenohoshi and Yangdao 4.”
t0“rice cultivars with large panicles”
Claim · model-written summary
Akenohoshi degeneration responded more strongly to shoot dry weight and its ratio than Yangdao 4.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- Akenohoshie0
- Outcome
- percentage of degenerated spikeletse0
- Direction
- much more conspicuouslye0
- Comparator
- Yangdao 4e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In Akenohoshi, the percentage of degenerated spikelets responded much more conspicuously to the change of SDW or the ratio of SDW -differentiated spikelets than that in Yangdao 4.”
t0“rice cultivars with large panicles”
Claim · model-written summary
Surviving spikelets responded to shoot dry weight and nitrogen absorption at heading in Akenohoshi.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- headinge0
- Outcome
- number of surviving spikeletse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“So did the number of surviving spikelets to SDW and N absorption at heading.”
t0“rice cultivars with large panicles”
Claim · model-written summary
Akenohoshi had a higher surviving spikelet to nitrogen ratio than Yangdao 4.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- Akenohoshie0
- Outcome
- ratio of surviving spikelets-Ne0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- Yangdao 4e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Akenohoshi showed a higher ratio of surviving spikelets-N than Yangdao 4.”
t0“rice cultivars with large panicles”
Claim · model-written summary
Akenohoshi had more surviving spikelets per panicle than Yangdao 4 at the same dry weight and nitrogen absorption.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- Akenohoshie0
- Outcome
- number of surviving spikelets per paniclee0
- Direction
- largere0
- Qualifier
- same levels of SDW and N absorptione0
- Comparator
- Yangdao 4e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Akenohoshi showed a larger number of surviving spikelets per panicle than Yangdao 4, even at the same levels of SDW and N absorption.”
t0“rice cultivars with large panicles”
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