Abstract
The study examined the effects of kinetin (KIN) and indoleacetic acid (IAA) applied as seed treatment or sprayed on leaves of salinity stressed plants. Five -week old maize (Zea mays L. cv. ‘DK 647 F1’) plants were grown in pots containing peat and perlite in 1:1 (v/v) mixture. Different treatments used were: 1) control (nutrient solution alone), 2) salt stress [100 mM sodium chloride (NaCl)], 3) 100 mM NaCl and 1 mM kinetin (KIN), 4) 100 mM NaCl and 2 mM KIN, 5) 100 mM NaCl and 1 mM indole acetic acid (IAA), 6) 100 mM NaCl and 2 mM IAA, 7) 100 mM NaCl and 25 mg L−1 KIN and 8) 100 mM NaCl and 25 mg L−1 IAA. In treatments 7 and 8 application was to the seeds, for treatments 3-6 it was applied to foliage. The seeds were soaked in KIN or IAA solution for 12 h. Salt stress reduced the total dry matter, chlorophyll content, and relative water content (RWC), but increased proline accumulation, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC 1.15.1.1), peroxidase (POD; EC. 1.11.1.7), catalase (CAT; EC. 1.11.1.6) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO; 1.10.3.1) and electrolyte leakage. Both foliar applications of KIN and IAA treatments overcame to variable extents the adverse effects of NaCl stress on the above mentioned physiological parameters. However, seed treatments with KIN or IAA did not improve salinity tolerance in maize plants. Furthermore, foliar application or seed treatments with KIN and IAA reduced the activities of antioxidant enzymes in the salt stressed-plants. Salt stress lowered some macronutrient concentrations [calcium (Ca) and potassium (K) in leaves and roots, phosphorus (P) in roots] but foliar application of both KIN and IAA increased Ca in both leaves and roots and P in leaves. Foliar application of IAA increased K concentrations in leaves of the salt-stressed plants. Foliar application of KIN and IAA, especially at 2 mM concentration, counteracted some of the adverse effects of NaCl salinity by causing the accumulation of proline and essential inorganic nutrients as well as by maintaining membrane permeability.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced total dry matter, chlorophyll content and relative water content in maize.
- Material
- DK 647 F1e3
- Treatment
- Salt stresse1
- Outcome
- total dry matter, chlorophyll content, and relative water contente1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Comparator
- control (nutrient solution alone)e2
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Salt stress reduced the total dry matter, chlorophyll content, and relative water content (RWC), but increased proline accumulation, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC 1.15.1.1), peroxidase (POD; EC. 1.11.1.7), catalase (CAT; EC. 1.11.1.6) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO; 1.10.3.1) and electrolyte leakage”
e2“1) control (nutrient solution alone), 2) salt stress [100 mM sodium chloride (NaCl)]”
e3“Five -week old maize (Zea mays L. cv. ‘DK 647 F1’) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased proline accumulation in maize.
- Treatment
- Salt stresse1
- Outcome
- proline accumulatione1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- control (nutrient solution alone)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Salt stress reduced the total dry matter, chlorophyll content, and relative water content (RWC), but increased proline accumulation, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC 1.15.1.1), peroxidase (POD; EC. 1.11.1.7), catalase (CAT; EC. 1.11.1.6) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO; 1.10.3.1) and electrolyte leakage”
e2“1) control (nutrient solution alone), 2) salt stress [100 mM sodium chloride (NaCl)]”
e3“Five -week old maize (Zea mays L. cv. ‘DK 647 F1’) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase in maize.
- Treatment
- Salt stresse1
- Outcome
- activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC 1.15.1.1), peroxidase (POD; EC. 1.11.1.7), catalase (CAT; EC. 1.11.1.6)e1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- control (nutrient solution alone)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Salt stress reduced the total dry matter, chlorophyll content, and relative water content (RWC), but increased proline accumulation, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC 1.15.1.1), peroxidase (POD; EC. 1.11.1.7), catalase (CAT; EC. 1.11.1.6) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO; 1.10.3.1) and electrolyte leakage”
e2“1) control (nutrient solution alone), 2) salt stress [100 mM sodium chloride (NaCl)]”
e3“Five -week old maize (Zea mays L. cv. ‘DK 647 F1’) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased polyphenol oxidase activity in maize.
- Treatment
- Salt stresse1
- Outcome
- polyphenol oxidase (PPO; 1.10.3.1)e1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- control (nutrient solution alone)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Salt stress reduced the total dry matter, chlorophyll content, and relative water content (RWC), but increased proline accumulation, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC 1.15.1.1), peroxidase (POD; EC. 1.11.1.7), catalase (CAT; EC. 1.11.1.6) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO; 1.10.3.1) and electrolyte leakage”
e2“1) control (nutrient solution alone), 2) salt stress [100 mM sodium chloride (NaCl)]”
e3“Five -week old maize (Zea mays L. cv. ‘DK 647 F1’) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased electrolyte leakage in maize.
- Treatment
- Salt stresse1
- Outcome
- electrolyte leakagee1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- control (nutrient solution alone)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Salt stress reduced the total dry matter, chlorophyll content, and relative water content (RWC), but increased proline accumulation, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC 1.15.1.1), peroxidase (POD; EC. 1.11.1.7), catalase (CAT; EC. 1.11.1.6) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO; 1.10.3.1) and electrolyte leakage”
e2“1) control (nutrient solution alone), 2) salt stress [100 mM sodium chloride (NaCl)]”
e3“Five -week old maize (Zea mays L. cv. ‘DK 647 F1’) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar applications of kinetin and IAA overcame to variable extents the adverse effects of NaCl stress on maize physiological parameters.
- Treatment
- Foliar applications of KIN and IAA treatmentse4
- Outcome
- adverse effects of NaCl stress on the above mentioned physiological parameterse4
- Direction
- overcamee4
- Qualifier
- to variable extentse4
- Comparator
- NaCl stresse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Both foliar applications of KIN and IAA treatments overcame to variable extents the adverse effects of NaCl stress on the above mentioned physiological parameters”
e3“Five -week old maize (Zea mays L. cv. ‘DK 647 F1’) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed treatments with kinetin or IAA did not improve salinity tolerance in maize.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“However, seed treatments with KIN or IAA did not improve salinity tolerance in maize plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar application or seed treatments with kinetin and IAA reduced antioxidant enzyme activities in salt-stressed maize.
- Treatment
- foliar application or seed treatments with KIN and IAAe6
- Outcome
- activities of antioxidant enzymese6
- Direction
- reducede6
- Comparator
- salt stressed-plantse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Furthermore, foliar application or seed treatments with KIN and IAA reduced the activities of antioxidant enzymes in the salt stressed-plants”
e3“Five -week old maize (Zea mays L. cv. ‘DK 647 F1’) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress lowered calcium, potassium and phosphorus concentrations in maize organs.
- Organ / stage
- leaves and rootse7
- Treatment
- Salt stresse7
- Outcome
- calcium (Ca) and potassium (K) in leaves and roots, phosphorus (P) in rootse7
- Direction
- lowerede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Salt stress lowered some macronutrient concentrations [calcium (Ca) and potassium (K) in leaves and roots, phosphorus (P) in roots]”
e3“Five -week old maize (Zea mays L. cv. ‘DK 647 F1’) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar application of kinetin and IAA increased calcium in leaves and roots and phosphorus in leaves of maize.
- Treatment
- foliar application of both KIN and IAAe0
- Outcome
- Ca in both leaves and roots and P in leavese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar application of both KIN and IAA increased Ca in both leaves and roots and P in leaves”
e3“Five -week old maize (Zea mays L. cv. ‘DK 647 F1’) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar application of IAA increased leaf potassium concentration in salt-stressed maize.
- Organ / stage
- leavese4
- Treatment
- Foliar application of IAAe4
- Outcome
- K concentrations in leavese4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Comparator
- salt-stressed plantse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Foliar application of IAA increased K concentrations in leaves of the salt-stressed plants”
e3“Five -week old maize (Zea mays L. cv. ‘DK 647 F1’) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar application of kinetin and IAA, especially at 2 mM, counteracted some of the adverse effects of NaCl salinity in maize.
- Treatment
- Foliar application of KIN and IAA, especially at 2 mM concentratione5
- Outcome
- adverse effects of NaCl salinitye5
- Direction
- counteractede5
- Qualifier
- some ofe5
- Comparator
- NaCl salinitye5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Foliar application of KIN and IAA, especially at 2 mM concentration, counteracted some of the adverse effects of NaCl salinity by causing the accumulation of proline and essential inorganic nutrients as well as by maintaining membrane permeability”
e3“Five -week old maize (Zea mays L. cv. ‘DK 647 F1’) plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Kinetin and IAA counteract NaCl stress in maize by causing proline and inorganic nutrient accumulation and by maintaining membrane permeability.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Foliar application of KIN and IAA, especially at 2 mM concentration, counteracted some of the adverse effects of NaCl salinity by causing the accumulation of proline and essential inorganic nutrients as well as by maintaining membrane permeability”
e3“Five -week old maize (Zea mays L. cv. ‘DK 647 F1’) plants”
The same questions in other papers
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See all 15 papers →kinetin · tolerance: abiotic · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
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salinity · nutrient: content · Zea mays (maize)Results differ
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See all 54 papers →seed treatment · tolerance: abiotic · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
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See all 13 papers →8 of 12 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.