Abstract
Tissue-culture (TC)-propagated `Gala' and Triple Red `Delicious' apple trees grown at three planting densities were not treated (CON) or treated with plant growth regulators (PGRs) starting the third or fourth season to control tree size and maximize fruiting. `Gala' and `Delicious' trees budded on M.7a rootstock (BUD) were also included as controls. `Gala' trees were larger than `Delicious' after the first three growing seasons but `Delicious' were larger than `Gala' at the end of 9 years. BUD trees were larger than CON trees the first few seasons hut final trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) of CON trees averaged 43% greater than BUD trees. Paclobutrazol and uniconazole treatments more readily controlled the growth of `Gala' than `Delicious' and uniconazole was more effective than paclobutrazol in controlling tree size. Daminozide + ethephon sprays (D+E-S) did not influence tree size. Tree size of both cultivars was inversely related to planting density and both triazole PGRs were more effective in controlling tree size as planting density increased. The trees had fewer flowers as planting density increased and BUD trees generally had more Bowers than CON. Triazole PGRs had little effect on the flowering pattern of `Gala' trees but tended to stimulate flowering of young `Delicious' TC trees, although the increases were not sustained. The D+E-S treatment increased flowering of `Gala' trees the last 3 years of the experiment and consistently increased flowering of `Delicious' TC trees. Fruit yields were higher for young `Gala' compared to `Delicious' trees and the final cumulative yield per tree for `Gala' was also greater. Yield per tree decreased as tree density increased and was the same for BUD and CON trees. D+E-S increased cumulative per tree yield of `Delicious' but not of `Gala'. Cumulative yields per tree for triazole-treated TC trees were the same as, or significantly lower than, CON trees. Increasing tree density did not increase yield/ha. Yield efficiency of `Gala' trees was increased by three, and of `Delicious' trees by one, of the triazole treatments, because they reduced TCSA proportionally more than they reduced per tree yield. There was less bienniality with `Gala' than `Delicious' and no difference between BUD and CON trees. Bienniality indices were higher for paclobutrazol-treated `Gala' trees compared with CON `Gala' but only uniconazole applied as a trunk paint increased the bienniality index of `Delicious' trees. Chemical names used: succinic acid-2,2-dimethyl hydrazide (daminozide), (2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid (ethephon), (2RS,3RS)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pentan-3-01 (paclobutrazol), (E)-(l-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(I,2,4-triazol-l-yl)-1-penten-3-ol (uniconazole).
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Gala trees were larger than Delicious early, but Delicious were larger after nine years.
Verbatim
e0“`Gala' trees were larger than `Delicious' after the first three growing seasons but `Delicious' were larger than `Gala' at the end of 9 years.”
Claim · model-written summary
Budded trees were initially larger than untreated tissue-cultured trees.
- Taxon
- apple trees
Malus domesticat0 - Material
- BUD treese0
- Outcome
- largere0
- Comparator
- CON treese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BUD trees were larger than CON trees the first few seasons”
t0“Apple Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Final trunk area of untreated tissue-cultured trees averaged 43% greater than budded trees.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Material
- CON treese0
- Outcome
- trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA)e0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 43%e0
- Comparator
- BUD treese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“final trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) of CON trees averaged 43% greater than BUD trees.”
t0“Apple Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Paclobutrazol and uniconazole controlled Gala growth more readily than Delicious growth.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Material
- `Gala'e0
- Treatment
- Paclobutrazol and uniconazole treatmentse0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- more readily controllede0
- Comparator
- `Delicious'e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Paclobutrazol and uniconazole treatments more readily controlled the growth of `Gala' than `Delicious'”
t0“Apple Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Uniconazole controlled tree size more effectively than paclobutrazol.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- uniconazolee0
- Outcome
- tree sizee0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
- Comparator
- paclobutrazole0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“uniconazole was more effective than paclobutrazol in controlling tree size.”
t0“Apple Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Daminozide plus ethephon sprays did not affect tree size.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Daminozide + ethephon sprayse0
- Outcome
- tree sizee0
- Direction
- did not influencee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Daminozide + ethephon sprays (D+E-S) did not influence tree size.”
t0“Apple Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Tree size declined as planting density increased.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- planting densitye0
- Outcome
- Tree sizee0
- Direction
- inversely relatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Tree size of both cultivars was inversely related to planting density”
t0“Apple Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Triazole regulators controlled tree size more effectively at higher planting density.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- planting densitye0
- Outcome
- tree sizee0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both triazole PGRs were more effective in controlling tree size as planting density increased.”
t0“Apple Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Flower numbers fell as planting density rose.
Verbatim
e0“The trees had fewer flowers as planting density increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Budded trees generally flowered more than untreated tissue-cultured trees.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BUD trees generally had more Bowers than CON.”
t0“Apple Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Triazole regulators had little effect on Gala flowering pattern.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Material
- `Gala'e0
- Treatment
- Triazole PGRse0
- Outcome
- flowering patterne0
- Direction
- little effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Triazole PGRs had little effect on the flowering pattern of `Gala' trees”
t0“Apple Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Triazole regulators tended to stimulate young Delicious flowering transiently.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Material
- `Delicious'e0
- Treatment
- Triazole PGRse0
- Outcome
- floweringe0
- Direction
- stimulatee0
- Qualifier
- increases were not sustainede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Triazole PGRs had little effect on the flowering pattern of `Gala' trees but tended to stimulate flowering of young `Delicious' TC trees, although the increases were not sustained.”
t0“Apple Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Daminozide plus ethephon raised Gala flowering in the last three years.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Material
- `Gala'e0
- Treatment
- D+E-S treatmente0
- Outcome
- floweringe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- the last 3 yearse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The D+E-S treatment increased flowering of `Gala' trees the last 3 years of the experiment”
t0“Apple Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Daminozide plus ethephon consistently raised flowering of Delicious tissue-cultured trees.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Material
- `Delicious'e0
- Treatment
- D+E-Se0
- Outcome
- floweringe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The D+E-S treatment increased flowering of `Gala' trees the last 3 years of the experiment and consistently increased flowering of `Delicious' TC trees.”
t0“Apple Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Gala had higher young-tree and cumulative per-tree yields than Delicious.
Verbatim
e0“Fruit yields were higher for young `Gala' compared to `Delicious' trees and the final cumulative yield per tree for `Gala' was also greater.”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield per tree decreased as density increased, with budded and untreated tissue-cultured trees equal.
Verbatim
e0“Yield per tree decreased as tree density increased and was the same for BUD and CON trees.”
Claim · model-written summary
Daminozide plus ethephon increased cumulative yield of Delicious but not Gala.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Material
- `Delicious'e0
- Treatment
- D+E-Se0
- Outcome
- cumulative per tree yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“D+E-S increased cumulative per tree yield of `Delicious' but not of `Gala'.”
t0“Apple Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Triazole-treated tissue-cultured trees had equal or significantly lower cumulative yield than controls.
Verbatim
e0“Cumulative yields per tree for triazole-treated TC trees were the same as, or significantly lower than, CON trees.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing tree density did not increase yield per hectare.
- Taxon
- apple treesMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Increasing tree densitye0
- Outcome
- yield/hae0
- Direction
- did not increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing tree density did not increase yield/ha.”
t0“Apple Trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Triazoles improved yield efficiency in three Gala and one Delicious treatment, as trunk area fell more than per-tree yield.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Yield efficiency of `Gala' trees was increased by three, and of `Delicious' trees by one, of the triazole treatments, because they reduced TCSA proportionally more than they reduced per tree yield.”
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