Abstract
Beginning in 1982, daminozide (DZ) was applied annually for 5 years to whole, 5-year-old `Northern Spy'/MM.106 (Malus domestics Borkh.) trees: a) shortly after bloom, b) together with ethephon (ETH) 6 to 7 weeks after bloom, or c) after harvest. Controls were unsprayed. One-half of the trees receiving each growth regulator treatment were summer-pruned after terminal-bud formation each year. Postharvest DZ reduced shoot numbers, mean shoot length, trunk enlargement, and fruit size, but had little or no effect on bloom, fruit set, or yield. Postbloom DZ, summer DZ plus ETH, and summer-pruning reduced vegetative growth and time required for dormant-pruning, but only postbloom DZ and summer DZ plus ETH increased spur density in the tree. Postbloom DZ and summer DZ plus ETH increased both flowering and cropping in 3 of the 5 years, with little effect on fruit set. Fruit size was reduced only in years when cropping was enhanced. Total yields (1982-86) were increased 34% and 36% by postbloom DZ and summer DZ plus ETH, respectively. Summer-pruning had no effect on fruit size in any year, but reduced yields in 1984 and 1986. Year-to-year fluctuation in yield was unaffected by any treatment. Growth-control treatments had no direct effect on foliar or fruit macronutrient concentrations. Chemical names used: butanedioic acid mono (2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide); 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon).
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Postharvest daminozide reduced shoot number and length and trunk enlargement.
- Taxon
- Apple
Malus domesticat0 - Treatment
- Postharvest DZe0
- Outcome
- shoot numbers, mean shoot length, trunk enlargemente0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- Controls were unsprayede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Trees”
e0“Postharvest DZ reduced shoot numbers, mean shoot length, trunk enlargement, and fruit size”
e1“Controls were unsprayed”
Claim · model-written summary
Postharvest daminozide reduced fruit size.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Postharvest DZe0
- Outcome
- fruit sizee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- Controls were unsprayede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Trees”
e0“Postharvest DZ reduced shoot numbers, mean shoot length, trunk enlargement, and fruit size”
e1“Controls were unsprayed”
Claim · model-written summary
Postharvest daminozide had little or no effect on bloom, fruit set, or yield.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Postharvest DZe0
- Outcome
- bloom, fruit set, or yielde0
- Direction
- little or no effecte0
- Comparator
- Controls were unsprayede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Trees”
e0“Postharvest DZ reduced shoot numbers, mean shoot length, trunk enlargement, and fruit size, but had little or no effect on bloom, fruit set, or yield.”
e1“Controls were unsprayed”
Claim · model-written summary
Postbloom daminozide reduced vegetative growth and dormant pruning time.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Postbloom DZe0
- Outcome
- vegetative growth and time required for dormant-pruninge0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- Controls were unsprayede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Trees”
e0“Postbloom DZ, summer DZ plus ETH, and summer-pruning reduced vegetative growth and time required for dormant-pruning”
e1“Controls were unsprayed”
Claim · model-written summary
Summer daminozide plus ethephon reduced vegetative growth and dormant pruning time.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- summer DZ plus ETHe0
- Outcome
- vegetative growth and time required for dormant-pruninge0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- Controls were unsprayede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Trees”
e0“Postbloom DZ, summer DZ plus ETH, and summer-pruning reduced vegetative growth and time required for dormant-pruning”
e1“Controls were unsprayed”
Claim · model-written summary
Summer pruning reduced vegetative growth and dormant pruning time.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- summer-pruninge0
- Outcome
- vegetative growth and time required for dormant-pruninge0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- Controls were unsprayede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Trees”
e0“Postbloom DZ, summer DZ plus ETH, and summer-pruning reduced vegetative growth and time required for dormant-pruning”
e1“Controls were unsprayed”
Claim · model-written summary
Postbloom daminozide increased spur density.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- postbloom DZe0
- Outcome
- spur densitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- Controls were unsprayede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Trees”
e0“only postbloom DZ and summer DZ plus ETH increased spur density in the tree”
e1“Controls were unsprayed”
Claim · model-written summary
Summer daminozide plus ethephon increased spur density.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- summer DZ plus ETHe0
- Outcome
- spur densitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- Controls were unsprayede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Trees”
e0“only postbloom DZ and summer DZ plus ETH increased spur density in the tree”
e1“Controls were unsprayed”
Claim · model-written summary
Postbloom daminozide increased flowering and cropping in three of five years.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Postbloom DZe0
- Outcome
- flowering and croppinge0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- 3 of the 5 yearse0
- Comparator
- Controls were unsprayede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Trees”
e0“Postbloom DZ and summer DZ plus ETH increased both flowering and cropping in 3 of the 5 years”
e1“Controls were unsprayed”
Claim · model-written summary
Summer daminozide plus ethephon increased flowering and cropping in three of five years.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- summer DZ plus ETHe0
- Outcome
- flowering and croppinge0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- 3 of the 5 yearse0
- Comparator
- Controls were unsprayede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Trees”
e0“Postbloom DZ and summer DZ plus ETH increased both flowering and cropping in 3 of the 5 years”
e1“Controls were unsprayed”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit size declined in years when cropping increased.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- cropping was enhancede0
- Outcome
- Fruit sizee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- Controls were unsprayede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Trees”
e0“Fruit size was reduced only in years when cropping was enhanced.”
e1“Controls were unsprayed”
Claim · model-written summary
Postbloom daminozide increased total yield by 34%.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- postbloom DZe0
- Outcome
- Total yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 34%e0
- Comparator
- Controls were unsprayede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Trees”
e0“Total yields (1982-86) were increased 34% and 36% by postbloom DZ and summer DZ plus ETH, respectively.”
e1“Controls were unsprayed”
Claim · model-written summary
Summer daminozide plus ethephon increased total yield by 36%.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- summer DZ plus ETHe0
- Outcome
- Total yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 36%e0
- Comparator
- Controls were unsprayede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Trees”
e0“Total yields (1982-86) were increased 34% and 36% by postbloom DZ and summer DZ plus ETH, respectively.”
e1“Controls were unsprayed”
Claim · model-written summary
Summer pruning had no effect on fruit size.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Summer-pruninge0
- Outcome
- fruit sizee0
- Direction
- no effecte0
- Comparator
- Controls were unsprayede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Trees”
e0“Summer-pruning had no effect on fruit size in any year”
e1“Controls were unsprayed”
Claim · model-written summary
Summer pruning reduced yields in 1984 and 1986.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Summer-pruninge0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- Controls were unsprayede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Trees”
e0“Summer-pruning had no effect on fruit size in any year, but reduced yields in 1984 and 1986.”
e1“Controls were unsprayed”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatments did not affect year-to-year yield fluctuation.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- any treatmente0
- Outcome
- Year-to-year fluctuation in yielde0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
- Comparator
- Controls were unsprayede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Trees”
e0“Year-to-year fluctuation in yield was unaffected by any treatment.”
e1“Controls were unsprayed”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth control treatments had no direct effect on foliar or fruit macronutrient concentrations.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Growth-control treatmentse0
- Outcome
- foliar or fruit macronutrient concentrationse0
- Direction
- no direct effecte0
- Comparator
- Controls were unsprayede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Trees”
e0“Growth-control treatments had no direct effect on foliar or fruit macronutrient concentrations.”
e1“Controls were unsprayed”
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