Abstract
Previous papers have dealt with the effects of five factors on the external aspects of flowering, bulbing and ripening in onions grown from sets and also the production of sets from seed and their storage through the winter; the present communication is concerned with changes in the internal morphology of onion sets and plants from the same experiments. The previously recorded effects on flowering of high and low temperatures are confirmed and further elucidated by data from dissections, which show the changes occurring at the growing point. Thus high temperature throughout the first season's growth from seed to set exerted an after‐effect, completely preventing initiation of inflorescences in the following spring. This effect may, however, have been due to the smaller size of the sets produced at high temperature. High temperature for the first 8 of the 22 weeks' experimental storage period produced a similar after‐effect in delaying and greatly reducing inflorescence initiation; here there was no question of a size effect being involved. High temperature throughout the 22 weeks not only completely prevented such initiation during treatment, but also practically inhibited it subsequently; when given during the latter part of storage only, it at least delayed initiation of inflorescences. High temperature during the growth from set to mature onion showed a direct effect in suppressing the emergence of inflorescences already initiated in the sets, apart from the effect of bulbing. (Bulb development, which occurs under the stimulus of long days if the temperature is not too. low, also inhibits such emergence.) Inflorescences prevented from emerging, whether by high temperature or bulbing, were displaced by the axillary bud which carried on the further development of the plant. Low temperature for the first 8 weeks of storage exerted an after‐effect in reducing the incidence of inflorescence initiation. When cold storage was given for the whole 22 weeks or the last 8 weeks only, initiation was prevented during treatment, but whereas in the former case subsequent initiation was greatly reduced, in the latter a rapid flush of initiation occurred on return of the sets to normal temperature. The effects of high‐ and low‐storage temperatures on formation of new leaf initials were mainly direct; the only after‐effect was a tendency for sets from treatments preventing leaf initiation to produce initials more rapidly on return to normal temperatures. (In the case of late cold storage this resembled the effect just noted for inflorescence initiation.) Sets produced at low temperature were prevented from forming leaf initials by continuous high‐temperature storage and those produced at high temperature by continuous cold storage; this suggests some degree of acclimatization to low and high temperature respectively. It appears that the 1 to 2 leaf primordia formed at normal temperatures between mid‐October and mid‐March are initiated mainly during the latter part of that period. The number of swollen bulb scales in an onion set is nearly constant at 3, irrespective of set size. Even the unswollen leaf initials vary little in number over a considerable range of set size, and therefore the better yields given by large sets (if they do not bolt) must be due rather to large size of parts than to high number of leaf initials ready for emergence. The size effect on flowering is likewise not connected with number of leaf initials present in the sets; it may be a matter of the number of emerged leaves in the previous season. There appears to be a minimal total number (12‐14) of leaves which must be initiated before an inflorescence can be formed.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature throughout seed-to-set growth prevented inflorescence initiation the following spring, possibly because sets were smaller.
- Taxon
- onion
Allium cepat0 - Treatment
- high temperature throughout the first season's growth from seed to sete0
- Outcome
- initiation of inflorescencese0
- Direction
- preventinge0
- Qualifier
- may, however, have been due to the smaller size of the sets produced at high temperaturee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Thus high temperature throughout the first season's growth from seed to set exerted an after‐effect, completely preventing initiation of inflorescences in the following spring. This effect may, however, have been due to the smaller size of the sets produced at high temperature.”
t0“onion plant”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature for the first eight storage weeks delayed and greatly reduced inflorescence initiation independently of set size.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- High temperature for the first 8 of the 22 weeks' experimental storage periode0
- Outcome
- inflorescence initiatione0
- Direction
- delaying and greatly reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High temperature for the first 8 of the 22 weeks' experimental storage period produced a similar after‐effect in delaying and greatly reducing inflorescence initiation; here there was no question of a size effect being involved.”
t0“onion plant”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature throughout 22 storage weeks prevented initiation during treatment and practically inhibited subsequent initiation.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- High temperature throughout the 22 weekse0
- Outcome
- initiatione0
- Direction
- preventede0
- Qualifier
- also practically inhibited it subsequentlye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High temperature throughout the 22 weeks not only completely prevented such initiation during treatment, but also practically inhibited it subsequently”
t0“onion plant”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature in the latter part of storage delayed inflorescence initiation.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- High temperaturee0
- Outcome
- initiation of inflorescencese0
- Direction
- delayede0
- Qualifier
- during the latter part of storage onlye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High temperature throughout the 22 weeks not only completely prevented such initiation during treatment, but also practically inhibited it subsequently; when given during the latter part of storage only, it at least delayed initiation of inflorescences.”
t0“onion plant”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature during set-to-mature-onion growth suppressed emergence of previously initiated inflorescences.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae0
- Treatment
- High temperature during the growth from set to mature onione0
- Outcome
- emergence of inflorescences already initiated in the setse0
- Direction
- suppressinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High temperature during the growth from set to mature onion showed a direct effect in suppressing the emergence of inflorescences already initiated in the sets, apart from the effect of bulbing.”
Claim · model-written summary
Bulb development under long days when temperature is not too low inhibits inflorescence emergence.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Outcome
- emergencee0
- Direction
- inhibitse0
- Qualifier
- Bulb development, which occurs under the stimulus of long days if the temperature is not too. lowe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“(Bulb development, which occurs under the stimulus of long days if the temperature is not too. low, also inhibits such emergence.)”
t0“onion plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Inflorescences blocked from emergence were displaced by an axillary bud continuing plant development.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Outcome
- displaced by the axillary bude0
- Qualifier
- whether by high temperature or bulbinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inflorescences prevented from emerging, whether by high temperature or bulbing, were displaced by the axillary bud which carried on the further development of the plant.”
t0“onion plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Low temperature in the first eight storage weeks reduced subsequent inflorescence initiation incidence.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- Low temperature for the first 8 weeks of storagee0
- Outcome
- incidence of inflorescence initiatione0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Low temperature for the first 8 weeks of storage exerted an after‐effect in reducing the incidence of inflorescence initiation.”
t0“onion plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Whole-period cold storage prevented initiation during treatment and greatly reduced subsequent initiation.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- cold storagee0
- Outcome
- initiatione0
- Direction
- preventede0
- Qualifier
- in the former case subsequent initiation was greatly reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When cold storage was given for the whole 22 weeks or the last 8 weeks only, initiation was prevented during treatment, but whereas in the former case subsequent initiation was greatly reduced, in the latter a rapid flush of initiation occurred on return of the sets to normal temperature.”
t0“onion plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold storage in the last eight weeks prevented initiation during treatment but a rapid initiation flush followed return to normal temperature.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- cold storagee0
- Outcome
- initiatione0
- Direction
- preventede0
- Qualifier
- in the latter a rapid flush of initiation occurred on return of the sets to normal temperaturee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When cold storage was given for the whole 22 weeks or the last 8 weeks only, initiation was prevented during treatment, but whereas in the former case subsequent initiation was greatly reduced, in the latter a rapid flush of initiation occurred on return of the sets to normal temperature.”
t0“onion plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Storage temperature effects on leaf initial formation were mainly direct, with faster initiation after preventing treatments ended.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Outcome
- formation of new leaf initialse0
- Qualifier
- mainly direct; the only after‐effect was a tendency for sets from treatments preventing leaf initiation to produce initials more rapidly on return to normal temperaturese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effects of high‐ and low‐storage temperatures on formation of new leaf initials were mainly direct; the only after‐effect was a tendency for sets from treatments preventing leaf initiation to produce initials more rapidly on return to normal temperatures.”
t0“onion plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Continuous high-temperature storage prevented leaf initial formation in low-temperature-produced sets, suggesting acclimatization.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- continuous high‐temperature storagee0
- Outcome
- forming leaf initialse0
- Direction
- preventede0
- Qualifier
- Sets produced at low temperaturee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sets produced at low temperature were prevented from forming leaf initials by continuous high‐temperature storage and those produced at high temperature by continuous cold storage; this suggests some degree of acclimatization to low and high temperature respectively.”
t0“onion plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Continuous cold storage prevented leaf initial formation in high-temperature-produced sets, suggesting acclimatization.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Treatment
- continuous cold storagee0
- Outcome
- forming leaf initialse0
- Direction
- preventede0
- Qualifier
- those produced at high temperaturee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sets produced at low temperature were prevented from forming leaf initials by continuous high‐temperature storage and those produced at high temperature by continuous cold storage; this suggests some degree of acclimatization to low and high temperature respectively.”
t0“onion plant”
Claim · model-written summary
The one to two leaf primordia formed at normal temperatures from mid-October to mid-March appear mainly initiated late in that period.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Outcome
- leaf primordiae0
- Value
- 1 to 2e0
- Qualifier
- initiated mainly during the latter part of that periode0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It appears that the 1 to 2 leaf primordia formed at normal temperatures between mid‐October and mid‐March are initiated mainly during the latter part of that period.”
t0“onion plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Onion sets have nearly three swollen bulb scales regardless of set size.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepae0
- Outcome
- number of swollen bulb scalese0
- Direction
- nearly constante0
- Value
- 3e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The number of swollen bulb scales in an onion set is nearly constant at 3, irrespective of set size.”
Claim · model-written summary
Unswollen leaf initial number varies little across set sizes.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Outcome
- unswollen leaf initialse0
- Direction
- vary littlee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Even the unswollen leaf initials vary little in number over a considerable range of set size”
t0“onion plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Better yields of large nonbolting sets are attributed to larger parts rather than more leaf initials.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Outcome
- better yieldse0
- Qualifier
- large size of parts than to high number of leaf initials ready for emergencee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“therefore the better yields given by large sets (if they do not bolt) must be due rather to large size of parts than to high number of leaf initials ready for emergence.”
t0“onion plant”
Claim · model-written summary
The set-size effect on flowering is unrelated to leaf initial number and may relate to emerged leaves in the previous season.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Outcome
- size effect on floweringe0
- Qualifier
- number of emerged leaves in the previous seasone0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The size effect on flowering is likewise not connected with number of leaf initials present in the sets; it may be a matter of the number of emerged leaves in the previous season.”
t0“onion plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Inflorescence formation appears to require initiation of at least 12–14 leaves.
- Taxon
- onionAllium cepat0
- Outcome
- minimal total numbere0
- Value
- 12‐14e0
- Qualifier
- of leaves which must be initiated before an inflorescence can be formede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There appears to be a minimal total number (12‐14) of leaves which must be initiated before an inflorescence can be formed.”
t0“onion plant”
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See all 10 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.