Abstract
Preemergence herbicides are applied to prevent summer annual weed infestations in turf, but safety to dwarf-type bermudagrass golf greens has not been determined for many of these materials. Field experiments tested ‘TifEagle’ bermudagrass response to bensulide at 11.2 kg·ha −1 (a.i.), dithiopyr at 0.56 kg·ha −1 (a.i.), napropamide at 2.2 kg·ha −1 (a.i.), oxadiazon at 2.2 kg·ha −1 (a.i.), oxadiazon plus bensulide at 1.7 + 6.7 kg·ha −1 (a.i.), and pendimethalin at 1.7 kg·ha −1 (a.i.). All herbicides reduced root mass from the nontreated, but only losses incited by oxadiazon plus bensulide were acceptable (less than 20%). Dithiopyr, napropamide, and pendimethalin delayed spring greenup in 2003 and 2004, whereas oxadiazon plus bensulide delayed spring greenup in 2004. In greenhouse experiments, ‘TifEagle’ bermudagrass root mass was reduced 19% to 37%, 30% to 33%, 4% to 26%, 28% to 37%, and 24% to 30% from various rates of bensulide, dithiopyr, napropamide, and pendimethalin, respectively. Oxadiazon and oxadiaxon plus bensulide reduced root mass by only 2% to 15% and 15% to 22%, respectively. In another experiment, oxadiazon plus bensulide at 1.7 + 6.7 kg·ha −1 did not injure shoots or roots of ‘Champion’, ‘FloraDwarf’, ‘MiniVerde’, ‘Tifdwarf’, or ‘TifEagle’ bermudagrass. Overall, dwarf-type bermudagrass golf greens do not appear to tolerate mitotic inhibitor preemergence herbicides, whereas oxadiazon or oxadiazon plus bensulide caused minimal injury.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
All tested herbicides reduced field root mass.
- Taxon
- bermudagrass
Cynodon dactylont0 - Treatment
- All herbicidese0
- Outcome
- root masse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- nontreatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All herbicides reduced root mass from the nontreated, but only losses incited by oxadiazon plus bensulide were acceptable (less than 20%).”
t0“Bermudagrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Oxadiazon plus bensulide caused acceptable root mass losses below 20%.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Treatment
- oxadiazon plus bensulidee0
- Outcome
- lossese0
- Value
- less than 20%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“only losses incited by oxadiazon plus bensulide were acceptable (less than 20%).”
t0“Bermudagrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Dithiopyr delayed spring greenup in 2003 and 2004.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Treatment
- Dithiopyre0
- Outcome
- spring greenupe0
- Direction
- delayede0
- Qualifier
- 2003 and 2004e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dithiopyr, napropamide, and pendimethalin delayed spring greenup in 2003 and 2004, whereas oxadiazon plus bensulide delayed spring greenup in 2004.”
t0“Bermudagrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Napropamide delayed spring greenup in 2003 and 2004.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Treatment
- napropamidee0
- Outcome
- spring greenupe0
- Direction
- delayede0
- Qualifier
- 2003 and 2004e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dithiopyr, napropamide, and pendimethalin delayed spring greenup in 2003 and 2004, whereas oxadiazon plus bensulide delayed spring greenup in 2004.”
t0“Bermudagrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Pendimethalin delayed spring greenup in 2003 and 2004.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Treatment
- pendimethaline0
- Outcome
- spring greenupe0
- Direction
- delayede0
- Qualifier
- 2003 and 2004e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dithiopyr, napropamide, and pendimethalin delayed spring greenup in 2003 and 2004, whereas oxadiazon plus bensulide delayed spring greenup in 2004.”
t0“Bermudagrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Oxadiazon plus bensulide delayed spring greenup in 2004.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Treatment
- oxadiazon plus bensulidee0
- Outcome
- spring greenupe0
- Direction
- delayede0
- Qualifier
- 2004e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dithiopyr, napropamide, and pendimethalin delayed spring greenup in 2003 and 2004, whereas oxadiazon plus bensulide delayed spring greenup in 2004.”
t0“Bermudagrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Greenhouse bensulide reduced root mass by 19% to 37%.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylone0
- Material
- ‘TifEagle’e0
- Treatment
- bensulidee0
- Outcome
- root masse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 19% to 37%e0
- Setting
- greenhouse experimentse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In greenhouse experiments, ‘TifEagle’ bermudagrass root mass was reduced 19% to 37%, 30% to 33%, 4% to 26%, 28% to 37%, and 24% to 30% from various rates of bensulide, dithiopyr, napropamide, and pendimethalin, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Greenhouse dithiopyr reduced root mass by 30% to 33%.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylone0
- Material
- ‘TifEagle’e0
- Treatment
- dithiopyre0
- Outcome
- root masse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 30% to 33%e0
- Setting
- greenhouse experimentse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In greenhouse experiments, ‘TifEagle’ bermudagrass root mass was reduced 19% to 37%, 30% to 33%, 4% to 26%, 28% to 37%, and 24% to 30% from various rates of bensulide, dithiopyr, napropamide, and pendimethalin, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Greenhouse napropamide reduced root mass by 4% to 26%.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylone0
- Material
- ‘TifEagle’e0
- Treatment
- napropamidee0
- Outcome
- root masse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 4% to 26%e0
- Setting
- greenhouse experimentse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In greenhouse experiments, ‘TifEagle’ bermudagrass root mass was reduced 19% to 37%, 30% to 33%, 4% to 26%, 28% to 37%, and 24% to 30% from various rates of bensulide, dithiopyr, napropamide, and pendimethalin, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Greenhouse pendimethalin reduced root mass by 28% to 37%.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylone0
- Material
- ‘TifEagle’e0
- Treatment
- pendimethaline0
- Outcome
- root masse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 28% to 37%e0
- Setting
- greenhouse experimentse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In greenhouse experiments, ‘TifEagle’ bermudagrass root mass was reduced 19% to 37%, 30% to 33%, 4% to 26%, 28% to 37%, and 24% to 30% from various rates of bensulide, dithiopyr, napropamide, and pendimethalin, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Oxadiazon reduced greenhouse root mass by 2% to 15%.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Treatment
- Oxadiazone0
- Outcome
- root masse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 2% to 15%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Oxadiazon and oxadiaxon plus bensulide reduced root mass by only 2% to 15% and 15% to 22%, respectively.”
t0“Bermudagrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Oxadiazon plus bensulide reduced greenhouse root mass by 15% to 22%.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylont0
- Treatment
- oxadiaxon plus bensulidee0
- Outcome
- root masse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 15% to 22%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Oxadiazon and oxadiaxon plus bensulide reduced root mass by only 2% to 15% and 15% to 22%, respectively.”
t0“Bermudagrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Oxadiazon plus bensulide did not injure shoots or roots of five cultivars.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylone0
- Material
- ‘Champion’, ‘FloraDwarf’, ‘MiniVerde’, ‘Tifdwarf’, or ‘TifEagle’e0
- Treatment
- oxadiazon plus bensulide at 1.7 + 6.7 kg·ha −1e0
- Outcome
- shoots or rootse0
- Direction
- did not injuree0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“oxadiazon plus bensulide at 1.7 + 6.7 kg·ha −1 did not injure shoots or roots of ‘Champion’, ‘FloraDwarf’, ‘MiniVerde’, ‘Tifdwarf’, or ‘TifEagle’ bermudagrass.”
Claim · model-written summary
Dwarf bermudagrass greens appear intolerant of mitotic inhibitor herbicides.
- Taxon
- bermudagrassCynodon dactylone0
- Outcome
- do not appear to tolerate mitotic inhibitor preemergence herbicidese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Overall, dwarf-type bermudagrass golf greens do not appear to tolerate mitotic inhibitor preemergence herbicides, whereas oxadiazon or oxadiazon plus bensulide caused minimal injury.”
The same questions in other papers
Oxadiazon · growth · Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass)Results differ
6 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- positive
5 papers more in this group
See all 9 papers →pendimethalin · growth · Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
Bensulide · growth · Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- negative
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Dithiopyr · growth · Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
napropamide · growth · Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
- negative
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →herbicide · growth · Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.