Abstract
A recessive gene (tin) that inhibits tillering in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and that may be important in the redirection of assimilate from unproductive to productive tillers, has been reported. However, this gene has also been associated with a fatal condition known as 'stunting'. The severity of this phenomenon has been shown to increase when plants are grown under long photoperiods and at low temperatures. The objectives of this study were to observe how the expression of the tin gene varied in different genetic backgrounds, in addition to obtaining a better understanding of environmental factors that may affect both tillering and stunting in lines with the tin gene. Plants were grown outdoors in Canberra, Australia, at various times throughout the year, as well as under controlled conditions where photoperiod, temperature and light intensity were varied. The inhibition of tillers resulting from the presence of the tin gene was most extreme in summer, autumn and spring (up to 90% reduction in tillering). However, when sown in late autumn and winter, tillering was reduced by between 30-50% for the tin lines compared with their near-isogenic parents. Reduced tillering in the tin lines was due to an earlier cessation of tillering rather than a reduced rate. Stunting was frequently observed in some lines more than others when plants were grown under long days and when temperatures were low. The daily minimum temperature, rather than the average daily temperature, was associated with stunting. The duration of the dark period also influenced stunting, with a longer dark period reducing the incidence of stunting from almost 100% to 0%. In all experiments where irradiance was increased, stunting also increased. In addition, elevated CO2 also increased growth characteristics associated with stunting. It is concluded that stunting is associated with a high assimilate supply to the main stem shoot apex before the time of floral initiation. This is caused by an inhibition of tillering and a high photothermal quotient. Leaf length was found to be a good indicator of stunting severity, with stunted plants producing shorter leaves than those plants which failed to stunt. Measurements of leaf length indicated that stunting is induced when the second leaf is expanding.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
tin tiller inhibition was strongest in summer, autumn and spring, with up to 90% reduction.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Gene
- tine0
- Outcome
- tilleringe0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- up to 90%e0
- Qualifier
- summer, autumn and springe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The inhibition of tillers resulting from the presence of the tin gene was most extreme in summer, autumn and spring (up to 90% reduction in tillering).”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Late autumn and winter sowing reduced tin-line tillering by 30-50% relative to near-isogenic parents.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- tin linese0
- Outcome
- tilleringe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 30-50%e0
- Qualifier
- late autumn and wintere0
- Comparator
- near-isogenic parentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, when sown in late autumn and winter, tillering was reduced by between 30-50% for the tin lines compared with their near-isogenic parents.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced tin-line tillering resulted from earlier cessation rather than a reduced rate.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- tin linese0
- Outcome
- tilleringe0
- Qualifier
- earlier cessation of tillering rather than a reduced ratee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Reduced tillering in the tin lines was due to an earlier cessation of tillering rather than a reduced rate.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Stunting was more frequent in some lines under long days and low temperature.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Stuntinge0
- Direction
- moree0
- Qualifier
- under long days and when temperatures were lowe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stunting was frequently observed in some lines more than others when plants were grown under long days and when temperatures were low.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Daily minimum rather than average temperature was associated with stunting.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- daily minimum temperaturee0
- Outcome
- stuntinge0
- Comparator
- average daily temperaturee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The daily minimum temperature, rather than the average daily temperature, was associated with stunting.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Longer dark periods reduced stunting incidence from almost 100% to 0%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- longer dark periode0
- Outcome
- incidence of stuntinge0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- 0%e0
- Qualifier
- from almost 100%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The duration of the dark period also influenced stunting, with a longer dark period reducing the incidence of stunting from almost 100% to 0%.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing irradiance increased stunting in all experiments.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- irradiancee0
- Outcome
- stuntinge0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In all experiments where irradiance was increased, stunting also increased.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased growth characteristics associated with stunting.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- elevated CO2e0
- Outcome
- growth characteristics associated with stuntinge0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In addition, elevated CO2 also increased growth characteristics associated with stunting.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Stunting is interpreted as associated with high assimilate supply to the shoot apex before floral initiation due to inhibited tillering and high photothermal quotient.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- stuntinge0
- Qualifier
- high assimilate supply to the main stem shoot apex before the time of floral initiatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It is concluded that stunting is associated with a high assimilate supply to the main stem shoot apex before the time of floral initiation. This is caused by an inhibition of tillering and a high photothermal quotient.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Stunted plants produced shorter leaves, making leaf length a good severity indicator.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Leaf lengthe0
- Direction
- shortere0
- Qualifier
- good indicator of stunting severitye0
- Comparator
- plants which failed to stunte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf length was found to be a good indicator of stunting severity, with stunted plants producing shorter leaves than those plants which failed to stunt.”
t0“wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf measurements indicated induction of stunting during second leaf expansion.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- second leafe0
- Outcome
- stunting is inducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Measurements of leaf length indicated that stunting is induced when the second leaf is expanding.”
t0“wheat”
The same questions in other papers
co2 · crop injury · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
light · crop injury · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
3 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.