Abstract
Crop response to carfentrazone–ethyl can be affected by environmental conditions. Field research was initiated to determine the effect of irrigation and light intensity prior to herbicide treatment on crop response to carfentrazone–ethyl. Wheat, corn, and soybean response was evaluated in 1996 and 1997, 2 yr that differed significantly in rainfall. It was difficult to distinguish differences in visible crop injury between irrigated and nonirrigated crops within the same year; however, injury was much higher in 1996 than in 1997. In 1996, the study area received timely rainfall prior to treatment of each crop, but in 1997, no precipitation was recorded during the treatment period. Overall, irrigated plants appear to be slightly more sensitive than nonirrigated plants. In contrast, crop injury was significantly higher in response to low light intensity prior to herbicide treatment. Soybean plants covered with 80% shade cloth for 5 d prior to carfentrazone–ethyl application were injured 24 to 41% more than nonshaded plants. Corn was relatively insensitive to either condition. Soybean plants were very sensitive to carfentrazone–ethyl and were highly influenced by both light intensity and irrigation. Wheat response to carfentrazone–ethyl was not influenced within 1 yr by irrigation, but injury in 1996 was four times higher than in 1997. Light intensity prior to treatment influenced wheat response to carfentrazone–ethyl, where shading before treatment increased visible injury in wheat, but by less than 10%. The risk of crop injury increases when carfentrazone–ethyl is applied to irrigated plants or to crops following several cloudy days.Nomenclature: Carfentrazone–ethyl; corn, Zea mays L. ‘Pioneer 3655’; soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr. ‘Conrad'; spring wheat, Triticum aestivum L. ’Blanca'.Additional index words: Herbicide selectivity, membrane disruptors, protoporphyrin IX; protoporphyrinogen oxidase, shading; triazolinone.Abbreviations: DAT, days after treatment; PPFD, photosynthetic photon flux density; PPIX, protoporphyrin IX; Protogen, protoporphyrinogen IX; Protox, protoporphyrinogen oxidase; RH, relative humidity.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Crop injury from carfentrazone–ethyl was much higher in 1996 than 1997.
- Taxon
- Wheat, corn, and soybean
Glycine max
Triticum aestivum
Zea mays subsp. mayse0 - Outcome
- injurye0
- Direction
- much highere0
- Qualifier
- 1996e0
- Comparator
- 1997e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wheat, corn, and soybean response was evaluated in 1996 and 1997, 2 yr that differed significantly in rainfall. It was difficult to distinguish differences in visible crop injury between irrigated and nonirrigated crops within the same year; however, injury was much higher in 1996 than in 1997.”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigated crops appeared slightly more sensitive to carfentrazone–ethyl than nonirrigated crops.
- Taxon
- Wheat, corn, and soybeanGlycine maxTriticum aestivumZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- irrigated plantse0
- Outcome
- sensitivee0
- Direction
- more sensitivee0
- Comparator
- nonirrigated plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Overall, irrigated plants appear to be slightly more sensitive than nonirrigated plants.”
e1“Wheat, corn, and soybean response was evaluated”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower light intensity before herbicide treatment significantly increased crop injury.
- Taxon
- Wheat, corn, and soybeanGlycine maxTriticum aestivumZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- low light intensity prior to herbicide treatmente0
- Outcome
- crop injurye0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“crop injury was significantly higher in response to low light intensity prior to herbicide treatment.”
e1“Wheat, corn, and soybean response was evaluated”
Claim · model-written summary
Five days under 80% shade cloth increased soybean injury by 24 to 41% over nonshaded plants after carfentrazone–ethyl.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- 80% shade cloth for 5 d prior to carfentrazone–ethyl applicatione0
- Outcome
- injurede0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 24 to 41%e0
- Comparator
- nonshaded plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean plants covered with 80% shade cloth for 5 d prior to carfentrazone–ethyl application were injured 24 to 41% more than nonshaded plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn was relatively insensitive to irrigation conditions in this herbicide response study.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Outcome
- relatively insensitivee0
- Qualifier
- irrigatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Corn was relatively insensitive to either condition.”
e1“irrigation and light intensity prior to herbicide treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn was relatively insensitive to light conditions in this herbicide response study.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Outcome
- relatively insensitivee0
- Qualifier
- light intensitye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Corn was relatively insensitive to either condition.”
e1“irrigation and light intensity prior to herbicide treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean plants were very sensitive to carfentrazone–ethyl.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- very sensitive to carfentrazone–ethyle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean plants were very sensitive to carfentrazone–ethyl”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean response to carfentrazone–ethyl was highly influenced by light intensity and irrigation.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- light intensity and irrigatione0
- Outcome
- sensitive to carfentrazone–ethyle0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean plants were very sensitive to carfentrazone–ethyl and were highly influenced by both light intensity and irrigation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation did not influence wheat response to carfentrazone–ethyl within one year.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- irrigatione0
- Outcome
- response to carfentrazone–ethyle0
- Direction
- not influencede0
- Qualifier
- within 1 yre0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wheat response to carfentrazone–ethyl was not influenced within 1 yr by irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat injury in 1996 was four times higher than in 1997.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- injurye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- four timese0
- Qualifier
- 1996e0
- Comparator
- 1997e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“injury in 1996 was four times higher than in 1997.”
e1“Wheat response to carfentrazone–ethyl”
Claim · model-written summary
Shade before treatment increased visible wheat injury by less than 10%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- shading before treatmente0
- Outcome
- visible injurye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- less than 10%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“shading before treatment increased visible injury in wheat, but by less than 10%.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors warn that applying carfentrazone–ethyl to irrigated plants increases crop injury risk.
- Taxon
- Corn (Zea mays), Soybean (Glycine max), and Wheat (Triticum aestivum)Glycine maxTriticum aestivum
Zea mayst0 - Treatment
- carfentrazone–ethyl is applied to irrigated plantse0
- Outcome
- risk of crop injury increasese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The risk of crop injury increases when carfentrazone–ethyl is applied to irrigated plants or to crops following several cloudy days.”
t0“Corn (Zea mays), Soybean (Glycine max), and Wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors warn that applying carfentrazone–ethyl after several cloudy days increases crop injury risk.
- Taxon
- Corn (Zea mays), Soybean (Glycine max), and Wheat (Triticum aestivum)Glycine maxTriticum aestivumZea mayst0
- Outcome
- risk of crop injury increasese0
- Qualifier
- crops following several cloudy dayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The risk of crop injury increases when carfentrazone–ethyl is applied to irrigated plants or to crops following several cloudy days.”
t0“Corn (Zea mays), Soybean (Glycine max), and Wheat (Triticum aestivum)”
The same questions in other papers
herbicide · crop injury · Glycine max (soybean)Results differ
47 papers in the same direction as this paper · 24 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
68 papers more in this group
See all 72 papers →shade · crop injury · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
light · crop injury · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- negative
irrigation · molecular: metabolites · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
23 papers in the same direction as this paper · 14 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
34 papers more in this group
See all 38 papers →herbicide · crop injury · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
31 papers in the same direction as this paper · 20 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
48 papers more in this group
See all 52 papers →herbicide · crop injury · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
34 papers in the same direction as this paper · 26 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
57 papers more in this group
See all 61 papers →light · crop injury · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
light · crop injury · Glycine max (soybean)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.