Abstract
Abstract Effects of nitrogen (N) (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 kg N ha−1) applied at five different times during autumn and early winter on the N fixation of Trifolium repens L. (white clover) in Lolium perenne L. (perennial ryegrass) / white clover pastures were examined (Experiment 1). Effects of applying different N fertilisers (e.g. urea and ammonium nitrate) at 45 kg N ha−1 in autumn, with and without phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and sulphur (S) on N fixation were also tested (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, percentage N derived from the atmosphere (percent Ndfa) by white clover varied between 87% and 91% in the period after (24 to 36 days) N application. Increasing rates of N and time of application did not influence percent Ndfa. The amount of N fixed by white clover ranged from 0.8 to 3.7 kg N ha−1 in the period after N application. Increasing rates of applied N produced a significant (P<0.05) linear increase in the amount of N fixed. In Experiment 2, percent Ndfa and amount of N fixed (1.9 to 4.1 kg N ha−1) were unaffected by different N fertilisers, with and without P, K and S, in the period after (37 days) fertiliser application. For both experiments, fertiliser N increased dry matter yield while having no effect on white clover composition. It is concluded that single applications of N during the autumn and early winter benefit pasture growth without adversely affecting white clover N fixation or clover composition. This finding, however, will require further investigation.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
White clover atmospheric nitrogen fraction ranged from 87% to 91% after nitrogen application.
- Taxon
- white clover
Trifolium repense0 - Outcome
- percentage N derived from the atmosphere (percent Ndfa)e0
- Value
- 87% and 91%e0
- Qualifier
- 24 to 36 dayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“percentage N derived from the atmosphere (percent Ndfa) by white clover varied between 87% and 91% in the period after (24 to 36 days) N application.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen rates did not influence percent Ndfa.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repense0
- Treatment
- Increasing rates of Ne1
- Outcome
- percent Ndfae1
- Direction
- did not influencee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“percentage N derived from the atmosphere (percent Ndfa) by white clover varied between 87% and 91% in the period after (24 to 36 days) N application.”
e1“Increasing rates of N and time of application did not influence percent Ndfa.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen application timing did not influence percent Ndfa.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repense0
- Treatment
- time of applicatione1
- Outcome
- percent Ndfae1
- Direction
- did not influencee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“percentage N derived from the atmosphere (percent Ndfa) by white clover varied between 87% and 91% in the period after (24 to 36 days) N application.”
e1“Increasing rates of N and time of application did not influence percent Ndfa.”
Claim · model-written summary
White clover fixed 0.8 to 3.7 kg N ha−1 after nitrogen application.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repense2
- Outcome
- amount of N fixed by white clovere2
- Value
- 0.8 to 3.7 kg N ha−1e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“The amount of N fixed by white clover ranged from 0.8 to 3.7 kg N ha−1 in the period after N application.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen rates significantly increased nitrogen fixed by white clover.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repense2
- Treatment
- Increasing rates of applied Ne3
- Outcome
- amount of N fixede3
- Direction
- increasee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“The amount of N fixed by white clover ranged from 0.8 to 3.7 kg N ha−1 in the period after N application.”
e3“Increasing rates of applied N produced a significant (P<0.05) linear increase in the amount of N fixed.”
Claim · model-written summary
Different nitrogen fertilizers with or without P, K and S did not affect white clover percent Ndfa.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repense0
- Treatment
- different N fertilisers, with and without P, K and Se4
- Outcome
- percent Ndfae4
- Direction
- unaffectede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“percentage N derived from the atmosphere (percent Ndfa) by white clover varied between 87% and 91% in the period after (24 to 36 days) N application.”
e4“In Experiment 2, percent Ndfa and amount of N fixed (1.9 to 4.1 kg N ha−1) were unaffected by different N fertilisers, with and without P, K and S, in the period after (37 days) fertiliser application.”
Claim · model-written summary
Different nitrogen fertilizers with or without P, K and S did not affect white clover nitrogen fixation.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repense0
- Treatment
- different N fertilisers, with and without P, K and Se4
- Outcome
- amount of N fixede4
- Direction
- unaffectede4
- Value
- 1.9 to 4.1 kg N ha−1e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“percentage N derived from the atmosphere (percent Ndfa) by white clover varied between 87% and 91% in the period after (24 to 36 days) N application.”
e4“In Experiment 2, percent Ndfa and amount of N fixed (1.9 to 4.1 kg N ha−1) were unaffected by different N fertilisers, with and without P, K and S, in the period after (37 days) fertiliser application.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer nitrogen increased pasture dry matter yield.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repense0
- Treatment
- fertiliser Ne5
- Outcome
- dry matter yielde5
- Direction
- increasede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“percentage N derived from the atmosphere (percent Ndfa) by white clover varied between 87% and 91% in the period after (24 to 36 days) N application.”
e5“For both experiments, fertiliser N increased dry matter yield while having no effect on white clover composition.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer nitrogen did not affect white clover composition.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repense5
- Treatment
- fertiliser Ne5
- Outcome
- white clover compositione5
- Direction
- no effecte5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“For both experiments, fertiliser N increased dry matter yield while having no effect on white clover composition.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude single nitrogen applications benefit pasture growth without harming clover fixation or composition, subject to further investigation.
- Taxon
- white cloverTrifolium repense0
- Outcome
- single applications of N during the autumn and early winter benefit pasture growth without adversely affecting white clover N fixation or clover compositione6
- Qualifier
- will require further investigatione6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“percentage N derived from the atmosphere (percent Ndfa) by white clover varied between 87% and 91% in the period after (24 to 36 days) N application.”
e6“single applications of N during the autumn and early winter benefit pasture growth without adversely affecting white clover N fixation or clover composition. This finding, however, will require further investigation.”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.