Abstract
The effects of two nonchemical methods [controlled atmosphere (CA) storage and postharvest heating, alone or combined] on the quality (firmness, taste, color, and skin wax) and storability (losses resulting from bruising and fungal decay) of apples were investigated in a 3-year study. Fruits of two cultivars (cv. Aroma and cv. Ingrid Marie) were mechanically wounded on two opposing sides, inoculated with conidial suspensions of one of three pathogens [ Pezicula malicorticis (bull's eye rot), Penicillium expansum (blue mould), and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (bitter rot)], exposed to 40 °C for four different exposure periods (24, 48, 72, and 96 h), and stored either in air (21.0 kPa O 2 + 0.03 kPa CO 2 ) or in CA storage (2.0 kPa O 2 + 2.0 kPa CO 2 ) for 4 months. Effect of postharvest heating on bruise susceptibility of air- or CA-stored apples was also investigated. Cultivar Aroma apples generally showed higher bruise susceptibility than cv. Ingrid Marie. The sun-exposed side of apples was less sensitive to bruising than the shaded side and red phenotypes of these two cultivars also showed increased resistance to bruising as compared with standard phenotypes. Heat treatment and CA storage, either alone or in combination, decreased bruise occurrence in both cultivars. Pz. malicorticis was the more aggressive storage pathogen for both apple cultivars followed by P. expansum and C. gloeosporioides . The highest decay severity occurred in inoculated and nonheat-treated apples stored in air. Heat treatment, especially in combination with CA storage, showed an eradicative effect on the pathogens without any negative effects on apple quality. Heat treatment maintained flesh firmness during storage, reduced ethylene production, and caused clearly visible changes in epicuticular wax structure, resulting in a higher resistance to bruising or to natural and artificial infections with the pathogens. The effective exposure period could be reduced to 24 h, because a combination of heat treatment (at 40 °C for 24 h) and CA storage showed the best protective effect against bruising and fungal decay. This combined treatment decreased bull's eye rot by 86% and 60% and bitter rot by 73% and 65% in cv. Aroma and cv. Ingrid Marie, respectively, in comparison with untreated apples.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Aroma apples were more susceptible to bruising than Ingrid Marie apples.
- Taxon
- apples
Malus domesticae0 - Material
- Aromae0
- Outcome
- bruise susceptibilitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- cv. Ingrid Mariee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cultivar Aroma apples generally showed higher bruise susceptibility than cv. Ingrid Marie”
Claim · model-written summary
The sun-exposed apple side was less sensitive to bruising than the shaded side.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Organ / stage
- sun-exposed sidee0
- Outcome
- sensitive to bruisinge0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Comparator
- shaded sidee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The sun-exposed side of apples was less sensitive to bruising than the shaded side”
Claim · model-written summary
Red phenotypes of both apple cultivars resisted bruising more than standard phenotypes.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Material
- red phenotypese0
- Outcome
- resistance to bruisinge0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- standard phenotypese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“red phenotypes of these two cultivars also showed increased resistance to bruising as compared with standard phenotypes”
t0“Improvement of Apple Quality and Storability by a Combination of Heat Treatment and Controlled Atmosphere Storage”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat treatment decreased bruise occurrence in both apple cultivars.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Heat treatmente0
- Outcome
- bruise occurrencee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Heat treatment and CA storage, either alone or in combination, decreased bruise occurrence in both cultivars”
t0“Improvement of Apple Quality and Storability by a Combination of Heat Treatment and Controlled Atmosphere Storage”
Claim · model-written summary
Controlled atmosphere storage decreased bruise occurrence in both apple cultivars.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- CA storagee0
- Outcome
- bruise occurrencee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Heat treatment and CA storage, either alone or in combination, decreased bruise occurrence in both cultivars”
t0“Improvement of Apple Quality and Storability by a Combination of Heat Treatment and Controlled Atmosphere Storage”
Claim · model-written summary
Pezicula malicorticis was more aggressive in stored apples than the other two tested pathogens.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- Pz. malicorticise0pathogen
- Outcome
- aggressive storage pathogene0
- Comparator
- P. expansum and C. gloeosporioidese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pz. malicorticis was the more aggressive storage pathogen for both apple cultivars followed by P. expansum and C. gloeosporioides”
t0“Improvement of Apple Quality and Storability by a Combination of Heat Treatment and Controlled Atmosphere Storage”
Claim · model-written summary
Decay severity was highest in inoculated, unheated apples stored in air.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Outcome
- decay severitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Setting
- stored in aire0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest decay severity occurred in inoculated and nonheat-treated apples stored in air”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat treatment reduced storage pathogens without harming apple quality.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Heat treatmente0
- Outcome
- pathogense0
- Direction
- eradicative effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Heat treatment, especially in combination with CA storage, showed an eradicative effect on the pathogens without any negative effects on apple quality”
t0“Improvement of Apple Quality and Storability by a Combination of Heat Treatment and Controlled Atmosphere Storage”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat treatment maintained apple flesh firmness during storage.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Heat treatmente0
- Outcome
- flesh firmnesse0
- Direction
- maintainede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Heat treatment maintained flesh firmness during storage”
t0“Improvement of Apple Quality and Storability by a Combination of Heat Treatment and Controlled Atmosphere Storage”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat treatment reduced apple ethylene production.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Heat treatmente0
- Outcome
- ethylene productione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Heat treatment maintained flesh firmness during storage, reduced ethylene production”
t0“Improvement of Apple Quality and Storability by a Combination of Heat Treatment and Controlled Atmosphere Storage”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat treatment visibly changed apple epicuticular wax structure.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Heat treatmente0
- Outcome
- epicuticular wax structuree0
- Direction
- changese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Heat treatment maintained flesh firmness during storage, reduced ethylene production, and caused clearly visible changes in epicuticular wax structure”
t0“Improvement of Apple Quality and Storability by a Combination of Heat Treatment and Controlled Atmosphere Storage”
Claim · model-written summary
The 40 °C, 24 h heat treatment combined with controlled atmosphere storage gave the best protection against bruising and fungal decay.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- heat treatment (at 40 °C for 24 h) and CA storagee0
- Outcome
- bruising and fungal decaye0
- Direction
- best protective effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a combination of heat treatment (at 40 °C for 24 h) and CA storage showed the best protective effect against bruising and fungal decay”
t0“Improvement of Apple Quality and Storability by a Combination of Heat Treatment and Controlled Atmosphere Storage”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined treatment reduced bull's eye rot in cv. Aroma by 86% relative to untreated apples.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Material
- cv. Aromae0
- Treatment
- combined treatmente0
- Outcome
- bull's eye rote0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 86%e0
- Comparator
- untreated applese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This combined treatment decreased bull's eye rot by 86% and 60% and bitter rot by 73% and 65% in cv. Aroma and cv. Ingrid Marie, respectively, in comparison with untreated apples”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined treatment reduced bull's eye rot in cv. Ingrid Marie by 60% relative to untreated apples.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Material
- cv. Ingrid Mariee0
- Treatment
- combined treatmente0
- Outcome
- bull's eye rote0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 60%e0
- Comparator
- untreated applese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This combined treatment decreased bull's eye rot by 86% and 60% and bitter rot by 73% and 65% in cv. Aroma and cv. Ingrid Marie, respectively, in comparison with untreated apples”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined treatment reduced bitter rot in cv. Aroma by 73% relative to untreated apples.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Material
- cv. Aromae0
- Treatment
- combined treatmente0
- Outcome
- bitter rote0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 73%e0
- Comparator
- untreated applese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This combined treatment decreased bull's eye rot by 86% and 60% and bitter rot by 73% and 65% in cv. Aroma and cv. Ingrid Marie, respectively, in comparison with untreated apples”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined treatment reduced bitter rot in cv. Ingrid Marie by 65% relative to untreated apples.
- Taxon
- applesMalus domesticae0
- Material
- cv. Ingrid Mariee0
- Treatment
- combined treatmente0
- Outcome
- bitter rote0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 65%e0
- Comparator
- untreated applese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This combined treatment decreased bull's eye rot by 86% and 60% and bitter rot by 73% and 65% in cv. Aroma and cv. Ingrid Marie, respectively, in comparison with untreated apples”
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