Abstract
Plants have evolved a unique plasticity of their root system architecture to flexibly exploit heterogeneously distributed mineral elements from soil. Local high concentrations of nitrate trigger lateral root initiation in adult shoot-borne roots of maize (Zea mays) by increasing the frequency of early divisions of phloem pole pericycle cells. Gene expression profiling revealed that, within 12 h of local high nitrate induction, cell cycle activators (cyclin-dependent kinases and cyclin B) were up-regulated, whereas repressors (Kip-related proteins) were down-regulated in the pericycle of shoot-borne roots. In parallel, a ubiquitin protein ligase S-Phase Kinase-Associated Protein1-cullin-F-box protein(S-Phase Kinase-Associated Protein 2B)-related proteasome pathway participated in cell cycle control. The division of pericycle cells was preceded by increased levels of free indole-3-acetic acid in the stele, resulting in DR5-red fluorescent protein-marked auxin response maxima at the phloem poles. Moreover, laser-capture microdissection-based gene expression analyses indicated that, at the same time, a significant local high nitrate induction of the monocot-specific PIN-FORMED9 gene in phloem pole cells modulated auxin efflux to pericycle cells. Time-dependent gene expression analysis further indicated that local high nitrate availability resulted in PIN-FORMED9-mediated auxin efflux and subsequent cell cycle activation, which culminated in the initiation of lateral root primordia. This study provides unique insights into how adult maize roots translate information on heterogeneous nutrient availability into targeted root developmental responses.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Local high nitrate triggered lateral root initiation in maize shoot borne roots.
- Organ / stage
- adult shoot-borne rootse0
- Treatment
- Local high concentrations of nitratee0
- Outcome
- lateral root initiatione0
Zea maysNot reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Local high concentrations of nitrate trigger lateral root initiation in adult shoot-borne roots of maize (Zea mays)”
Claim · model-written summary
Local high nitrate increased early divisions of phloem pole pericycle cells.
- Treatment
- Local high concentrations of nitratee0
- Outcome
- frequency of early divisions of phloem pole pericycle cellse0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Local high concentrations of nitrate trigger lateral root initiation in adult shoot-borne roots of maize (Zea mays) by increasing the frequency of early divisions of phloem pole pericycle cells.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cell cycle activators were up regulated within 12 hours of nitrate induction.
- Treatment
- local high nitrate inductione0
- Gene
- cyclin-dependent kinases and cyclin Be0
- Outcome
- cell cycle activatorse0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
- Qualifier
- within 12 he0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“within 12 h of local high nitrate induction, cell cycle activators (cyclin-dependent kinases and cyclin B) were up-regulated”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Kip related repressors were down regulated in the pericycle after nitrate induction.
- Organ / stage
- pericycle of shoot-borne rootse0
- Treatment
- local high nitrate inductione1
- Gene
- Kip-related proteinse0
- Outcome
- repressorse0
- Direction
- down-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“repressors (Kip-related proteins) were down-regulated in the pericycle of shoot-borne roots.”
e1“within 12 h of local high nitrate induction”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
An SKP1 cullin F box related proteasome pathway participated in cell cycle control.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a ubiquitin protein ligase S-Phase Kinase-Associated Protein1-cullin-F-box protein(S-Phase Kinase-Associated Protein 2B)-related proteasome pathway participated in cell cycle control.”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Free indole 3 acetic acid rose in the stele before pericycle division.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The division of pericycle cells was preceded by increased levels of free indole-3-acetic acid in the stele”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Auxin response maxima appeared at phloem poles.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“resulting in DR5-red fluorescent protein-marked auxin response maxima at the phloem poles.”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Local high nitrate significantly induced PIN-FORMED9 in phloem pole cells.
- Organ / stage
- phloem pole cellse0
- Treatment
- local high nitratee0
- Gene
- PIN-FORMED9e0
- Outcome
- inductione0
- Direction
- inductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a significant local high nitrate induction of the monocot-specific PIN-FORMED9 gene in phloem pole cells”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
PIN-FORMED9 modulated auxin efflux to pericycle cells.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PIN-FORMED9 gene in phloem pole cells modulated auxin efflux to pericycle cells.”
t0“Maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrate availability caused PIN-FORMED9 mediated auxin efflux and subsequent cell cycle activation culminating in lateral root primordia.
- Treatment
- local high nitrate availabilitye0
- Gene
- PIN-FORMED9e0
- Outcome
- initiation of lateral root primordiae0
- Qualifier
- auxin efflux and subsequent cell cycle activatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“local high nitrate availability resulted in PIN-FORMED9-mediated auxin efflux and subsequent cell cycle activation, which culminated in the initiation of lateral root primordia.”
t0“Maize”
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