Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) seed samples were collected from three markets in Minna, Niger State to investigate the effect of Fusarium verticilloides, its metabolites and neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf ethanolic extract on germination of the seeds and seedling vigour. Among the fungi genera isolated from the seeds samples were Aspergillus spp. (41.18%), Fusarium spp. (29.41%) and Rhizopus spp. (23.53%). F. verticilloides metabolite was extracted using dichloromethane and phosphoric acid (10:1) while powdered neem leaf was extracted with ethanol for 72 h. The experiment, which was made up of eight treatments and three replicates, was set up in a germination chamber. At 9 days after sowing (9 DAS), the seeds applied with combined F. verticilloides mycelia and their metabolites had the least germination percentage (30%), the highest rot-index (3.5) and the least seedling vigour (0.93). The seeds applied with neem extract only had the highest germination percentage of 100%, the least rot index (0.5) and seedling vigour index (5.4). Though neem leaf extract proved to be fungitoxic against F. verticilloides, further investigation on the pathogenic mode of action of fusariotoxin on germination and growth of cereal crops on the field is necessary.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Combined F. verticilloides mycelia and metabolites gave the least germination percentage (30%) at 9 days after sowing.
- Treatment
- combined F. verticilloides mycelia and their metabolitese2
- Interactor
- F. verticilloidese2pathogen
- Outcome
- germination percentagee2
- Direction
- leaste2
- Value
- 30%e2
- Qualifier
- 9 DASe2
- Setting
- germination chambere3
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
e2“At 9 days after sowing (9 DAS), the seeds applied with combined F. verticilloides mycelia and their metabolites had the least germination percentage (30%)”
e3“was set up in a germination chamber”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined F. verticilloides mycelia and metabolites gave the highest rot-index (3.5).
- Treatment
- combined F. verticilloides mycelia and their metabolitese2
- Interactor
- F. verticilloidese2pathogen
- Outcome
- rot-indexe2
- Direction
- higheste2
- Value
- 3.5e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
e2“the seeds applied with combined F. verticilloides mycelia and their metabolites had the least germination percentage (30%), the highest rot-index (3.5) and the least seedling vigour (0.93)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined F. verticilloides mycelia and metabolites gave the least seedling vigour (0.93).
- Treatment
- combined F. verticilloides mycelia and their metabolitese2
- Interactor
- F. verticilloidese2pathogen
- Outcome
- seedling vigoure2
- Direction
- leaste2
- Value
- 0.93e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
e2“the seeds applied with combined F. verticilloides mycelia and their metabolites had the least germination percentage (30%), the highest rot-index (3.5) and the least seedling vigour (0.93)”
Claim · model-written summary
Neem leaf extract alone gave the highest germination percentage (100%).
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
e2“The seeds applied with neem extract only had the highest germination percentage of 100%, the least rot index (0.5) and seedling vigour index (5.4)”
Claim · model-written summary
Neem leaf extract alone gave the least rot index (0.5).
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
e2“The seeds applied with neem extract only had the highest germination percentage of 100%, the least rot index (0.5) and seedling vigour index (5.4)”
Claim · model-written summary
Neem leaf extract alone gave a higher seedling vigour index (5.4) than the other treatments.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
e2“The seeds applied with neem extract only had the highest germination percentage of 100%, the least rot index (0.5) and seedling vigour index (5.4)”
Claim · model-written summary
Neem leaf extract was fungitoxic against F. verticilloides.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
e2“neem leaf extract proved to be fungitoxic against F. verticilloides”
Claim · model-written summary
Aspergillus spp. was isolated from the maize seed samples at 41.18%.
- Interactor
- Aspergillus spp.
Aspergilluse2other - Outcome
- fungi genera isolatede2
- Value
- 41.18%e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
e2“Among the fungi genera isolated from the seeds samples were Aspergillus spp. (41.18%), Fusarium spp. (29.41%) and Rhizopus spp. (23.53%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fusarium spp. was isolated from the maize seed samples at 29.41%.
FusariumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
e2“Among the fungi genera isolated from the seeds samples were Aspergillus spp. (41.18%), Fusarium spp. (29.41%) and Rhizopus spp. (23.53%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizopus spp. was isolated from the maize seed samples at 23.53%.
_spores%2C_which_is_green_using_Light_Microscope%2C_Normal_image_without_any_coloring_or_processing_By_researcher_El_sayed_Al_gayar%2C_Faculty_of_Agriculture_Damietta_University.jpg?width=60){kind=small}
RhizopusOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_spores%2C_which_is_green_using_Light_Microscope%2C_Normal_image_without_any_coloring_or_processing_By_researcher_El_sayed_Al_gayar%2C_Faculty_of_Agriculture_Damietta_University.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e1“Maize (Zea mays L.)”
e2“Among the fungi genera isolated from the seeds samples were Aspergillus spp. (41.18%), Fusarium spp. (29.41%) and Rhizopus spp. (23.53%)”
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