Abstract
Many bacterial pathogens inject a cocktail of effector proteins into host cells through type III secretion systems. These effectors act in concert to modulate host physiology and immune signaling, thereby promoting pathogenicity. In a search for additional Pseudomonas syringae effectors in suppressing plant innate immunity triggered by pathogen or microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs or MAMPs), we identified P. syringae tomato DC3000 effector HopF2 as a potent suppressor of early immune-response gene transcription and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling activated by multiple MAMPs, including bacterial flagellin, elongation factor Tu, peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharide and HrpZ1 harpin, and fungal chitin. The conserved surface-exposed residues of HopF2 are essential for its MAMP suppression activity. HopF2 is targeted to the plant plasma membrane through a putative myristoylation site, and the membrane association appears to be required for its MAMP-suppression function. Expression of HopF2 in plants potently diminished the flagellin-induced phosphorylation of BIK1, a plasma membrane-associated cytoplasmic kinase that is rapidly phosphorylated within one minute upon flagellin perception. Thus, HopF2 likely intercepts MAMP signaling at the plasma membrane immediately of signal perception. Consistent with the potent suppression function of multiple MAMP signaling, expression of HopF2 in transgenic plants compromised plant nonhost immunity to bacteria P. syringae pv. Phaseolicola and plant immunity to the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
HopF2 suppressed early immune-response gene transcription activated by multiple MAMPs.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsist0 - Treatment
- P. syringae tomato DC3000 effector HopF2e0
- Interactor
- P. syringae tomato DC3000
Pseudomonas syringaee0pathogen - Gene
- HopF2e0
- Outcome
- early immune-response gene transcriptione0
- Direction
- suppressore0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. syringae tomato DC3000 effector HopF2 as a potent suppressor of early immune-response gene transcription and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling activated by multiple MAMPs”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
HopF2 suppressed MAPK signaling activated by multiple MAMPs.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- P. syringae tomato DC3000 effector HopF2e0
- Interactor
- P. syringae tomato DC3000Pseudomonas syringaee0pathogen
- Gene
- HopF2e0
- Outcome
- mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalinge0
- Direction
- suppressore0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. syringae tomato DC3000 effector HopF2 as a potent suppressor of early immune-response gene transcription and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling activated by multiple MAMPs”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Conserved surface-exposed HopF2 residues were essential for MAMP suppression.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- HopF2e0
- Outcome
- MAMP suppression activitye0
- Qualifier
- conserved surface-exposed residuese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The conserved surface-exposed residues of HopF2 are essential for its MAMP suppression activity”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
A putative myristoylation site targeted HopF2 to the plant plasma membrane.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- HopF2e0
- Outcome
- targeted to the plant plasma membranee0
- Qualifier
- putative myristoylation sitee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HopF2 is targeted to the plant plasma membrane through a putative myristoylation site”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
HopF2 membrane association appeared required for MAMP suppression.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- HopF2e1
- Outcome
- MAMP-suppression functione0
- Qualifier
- membrane associatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the membrane association appears to be required for its MAMP-suppression function”
e1“HopF2 is targeted to the plant plasma membrane”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
HopF2 expression diminished flagellin-induced BIK1 phosphorylation.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- Expression of HopF2 in plantse0
- Gene
- BIK1e0
- Outcome
- flagellin-induced phosphorylation of BIK1e0
- Direction
- diminishede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Expression of HopF2 in plants potently diminished the flagellin-induced phosphorylation of BIK1”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
HopF2 likely intercepts MAMP signaling at the plasma membrane soon after perception.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- HopF2e0
- Outcome
- MAMP signalinge0
- Qualifier
- at the plasma membrane immediately of signal perceptione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HopF2 likely intercepts MAMP signaling at the plasma membrane immediately of signal perception”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
HopF2 expression compromised plant nonhost immunity to P. syringae pv. Phaseolicola.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- expression of HopF2 in transgenic plantse0
- Interactor
- P. syringae pv. PhaseolicolaPseudomonas syringaee0pathogen
- Gene
- HopF2e0
- Outcome
- plant nonhost immunitye0
- Direction
- compromisede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“expression of HopF2 in transgenic plants compromised plant nonhost immunity to bacteria P. syringae pv. Phaseolicola”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
HopF2 expression compromised plant immunity to Botrytis cinerea.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- expression of HopF2 in transgenic plantse0
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinerea
Botrytis cinereae0pathogen - Gene
- HopF2e0
- Outcome
- plant immunitye0
- Direction
- compromisede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“expression of HopF2 in transgenic plants compromised plant nonhost immunity to bacteria P. syringae pv. Phaseolicola and plant immunity to the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea”
t0“Arabidopsis”
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