Abstract
BACKROUND: Soil salinity is one of the most detrimental environmental factors affecting the growth of plants and limiting their agricultural productivity. This study investigated whether exogenous lipoic acid (LA) pretreatment plays a role in promoting salt tolerance in wheat seedlings. The seedlings were treated with LA (1.75 mmol L(-1)) and salt (100 mmol L(-1) NaCl) separately and a combination of them. RESULTS: Salt stress significantly reduced relative water content, leaf surface area, ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase expression, and chlorophyll content but increased the content of osmo-regulator protein, carbohydrates and proline. In addition, salinity led to an imbalance in the inorganic composition of wheat leaves. While it elevated Na(+) content compared to control, Ca content and K(+)/Na(+) ratio were reduced. Under saline conditions, despite increases in antioxidant enzyme activity and levels of antioxidant compounds (ascorbate and glutathione), the content of reactive oxygen species (superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide) and malondialdehyde were higher than in control seedlings. LA significantly promoted osmo-regulator level and antioxidant enzyme activities compared to stressed seedlings alone. Also, it both increased levels of ascorbate and glutathione and regenerated their oxidised forms, thus contributing to maintaining cellular redox status. Similarly, LA prevented excessive accumulation of Na(+) and promoted K(+)/Na(+) ratio and Ca content. Reactive oxygen species content was significantly reduced, and the inhibitions in the above parameters markedly recovered. CONCLUSION: LA reduced salinity-induced oxidative damage and thus contributed to the growth and development of plants in saline soils by modulating ion homeostasis between plant and soil as well as in osmo-regulator content and antioxidant system.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced relative water content and leaf surface area of wheat seedlings.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- relative water content, leaf surface areae0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat seedlings”
e0“Salt stress significantly reduced relative water content, leaf surface area, ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase expression, and chlorophyll content”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase expression and chlorophyll content of wheat seedlings.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase expression, and chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat seedlings”
e0“Salt stress significantly reduced relative water content, leaf surface area, ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase expression, and chlorophyll content”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased osmo-regulator protein, carbohydrates and proline in wheat seedlings.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse7
- Outcome
- osmo-regulator protein, carbohydrates and prolinee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat seedlings”
e0“but increased the content of osmo-regulator protein, carbohydrates and proline”
e7“Salt stress significantly reduced relative water content”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress elevated Na(+) content of wheat leaves compared with control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- Na(+) contente1
- Direction
- elevatede1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat seedlings”
e0“Salt stress significantly reduced relative water content”
e1“While it elevated Na(+) content compared to control, Ca content and K(+)/Na(+) ratio were reduced”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced Ca content and the K(+)/Na(+) ratio in wheat leaves.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- Ca content and K(+)/Na(+) ratioe1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat seedlings”
e0“Salt stress significantly reduced relative water content”
e1“While it elevated Na(+) content compared to control, Ca content and K(+)/Na(+) ratio were reduced”
Claim · model-written summary
Under saline conditions, antioxidant enzyme activity increased despite the lower ascorbate and glutathione levels.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- saline conditionse2
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzyme activitye2
- Direction
- increasese2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat seedlings”
e2“Under saline conditions, despite increases in antioxidant enzyme activity and levels of antioxidant compounds (ascorbate and glutathione)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under saline conditions, reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde were higher than in control seedlings.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- saline conditionse7
- Outcome
- content of reactive oxygen species (superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide) and malondialdehydee2
- Direction
- highere2
- Comparator
- control seedlingse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat seedlings”
e2“the content of reactive oxygen species (superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide) and malondialdehyde were higher than in control seedlings”
e7“Under saline conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Lipoic acid promoted osmo-regulator level and antioxidant enzyme activities in salt-stressed wheat seedlings compared with stressed seedlings alone.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- LAe3
- Outcome
- osmo-regulator level and antioxidant enzyme activitiese3
- Direction
- promotede3
- Comparator
- stressed seedlings alonee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat seedlings”
e3“LA significantly promoted osmo-regulator level and antioxidant enzyme activities compared to stressed seedlings alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Lipoic acid increased ascorbate and glutathione levels in wheat seedlings.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- LAe3
- Outcome
- levels of ascorbate and glutathionee4
- Direction
- increasede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat seedlings”
e3“LA significantly promoted osmo-regulator level and antioxidant enzyme activities compared to stressed seedlings alone”
e4“it both increased levels of ascorbate and glutathione and regenerated their oxidised forms”
Claim · model-written summary
Lipoic acid prevented excessive accumulation of Na(+) in wheat seedlings.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- LAe3
- Outcome
- excessive accumulation of Na(+)e5
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat seedlings”
e3“LA significantly promoted osmo-regulator level and antioxidant enzyme activities compared to stressed seedlings alone”
e5“Similarly, LA prevented excessive accumulation of Na(+) and promoted K(+)/Na(+) ratio and Ca content”
Claim · model-written summary
Lipoic acid promoted the K(+)/Na(+) ratio and Ca content of wheat seedlings.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- LAe3
- Outcome
- K(+)/Na(+) ratio and Ca contente5
- Direction
- promotede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat seedlings”
e3“LA significantly promoted osmo-regulator level and antioxidant enzyme activities compared to stressed seedlings alone”
e5“Similarly, LA prevented excessive accumulation of Na(+) and promoted K(+)/Na(+) ratio and Ca content”
Claim · model-written summary
Lipoic acid reduced the reactive oxygen species content of salt-stressed wheat seedlings.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- LAe3
- Outcome
- Reactive oxygen species contente6
- Direction
- reducede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat seedlings”
e3“LA significantly promoted osmo-regulator level and antioxidant enzyme activities compared to stressed seedlings alone”
e6“Reactive oxygen species content was significantly reduced”
Claim · model-written summary
Lipoic acid markedly recovered the inhibitions of the other parameters in salt-stressed wheat seedlings.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- LAe3
- Outcome
- inhibitions in the above parameterse6
- Direction
- recoverede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“wheat seedlings”
e3“LA significantly promoted osmo-regulator level and antioxidant enzyme activities compared to stressed seedlings alone”
e6“the inhibitions in the above parameters markedly recovered”
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