Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) plays an important role in the induction of plant resistance to pathogens. An accompanying article (N. Yalpani, J. Leon, M.A. Lawton, I. Raskin [1993] Plant Physiol 103: 315-321) shows that SA is synthesized via the decarboxylation of cinnamic acid to benzoic acid (BA), which is, in turn, hydroxylated to SA. Leaf extracts of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Xanthi-nc) catalyze the 2-hydroxylation of BA to SA. The monooxygenase catalyzing this reaction, benzoic acid 2-hydroxylase (BA2H), required NAD(P)H or reduced methyl viologen as an electron donor. BA2H activity was detected in healthy tobacco leaf extracts (1-2 nmol h-1 g-1 fresh weight) and was significantly increased upon inoculation with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). This increase paralleled the levels of free SA in the leaves. Induction of BA2H activity was restricted to tissue expressing a hypersensitive response at 24[deg]C. TMV induction of BA2H activity and SA accumulation were inhibited when inoculated tobacco plants were incubated at 32[deg]C. However, when inoculated plants were incubated for 4 d at 32[deg]C and then transferred to 24[deg]C, they showed a 15-fold increase in BA2H activity and a 65-fold increase in free SA content compared with healthy plants incubated at 24[deg]C. Treatment of leaf tissue with the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide blocked the induction of BA2H activity by TMV. The effect of TMV inoculation on BA2H could be duplicated by infiltrating leaf discs of healthy plants with BA. This response was observed even when applied levels of BA were much lower than the levels observed in vivo after virus inoculation. Feeding tobacco leaves with phenylalanine, cinnamic acid, or o-coumaric acid (putative precursors of SA) failed to trigger the induction of BA2H activity. BA2H appears to be a pathogen-inducible protein with an important regulatory role in SA accumulation during the development of induced resistance to TMV in tobacco.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
BA2H activity in healthy tobacco leaf extracts was 1-2 nmol h-1 g-1 fresh weight.
- Taxon
- Tobacco
Nicotiana tabacumt0 - Organ / stage
- leaf extractse1
- Gene
- BA2He1
- Outcome
- BA2H activitye1
- Value
- 1-2 nmol h-1 g-1 fresh weighte1
- Qualifier
- healthye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Virus-Inoculated Tobacco”
e1“BA2H activity was detected in healthy tobacco leaf extracts (1-2 nmol h-1 g-1 fresh weight)”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with tobacco mosaic virus significantly increased BA2H activity in tobacco leaves compared with healthy leaf extracts.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- inoculation with tobacco mosaic viruse2
- Interactor
- tobacco mosaic virus
Tobacco mosaic viruse2pathogen - Gene
- BA2He2
- Outcome
- BA2H activitye2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Comparator
- healthy tobacco leaf extractse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Virus-Inoculated Tobacco”
e2“BA2H activity was detected in healthy tobacco leaf extracts (1-2 nmol h-1 g-1 fresh weight) and was significantly increased upon inoculation with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)”
Claim · model-written summary
The increase in BA2H activity after TMV inoculation paralleled the levels of free SA in the leaves.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Gene
- BA2He2
- Outcome
- levels of free SAe3
- Direction
- increaseinferrede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Virus-Inoculated Tobacco”
e2“BA2H activity was detected in healthy tobacco leaf extracts (1-2 nmol h-1 g-1 fresh weight) and was significantly increased upon inoculation with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)”
e3“This increase paralleled the levels of free SA in the leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Incubation at 32[deg]C inhibited TMV induction of BA2H activity and SA accumulation in inoculated tobacco.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- incubated at 32[deg]Ce5
- Interactor
- TMVTobacco mosaic viruse5pathogen
- Gene
- BA2He5
- Outcome
- induction of BA2H activity and SA accumulatione5
- Direction
- inhibitede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Virus-Inoculated Tobacco”
e5“TMV induction of BA2H activity and SA accumulation were inhibited when inoculated tobacco plants were incubated at 32[deg]C”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated tobacco plants incubated at 32[deg]C for 4 d and then moved to 24[deg]C showed a 15-fold increase in BA2H activity over healthy plants at 24[deg]C.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- inoculated plants were incubated for 4 d at 32[deg]C and then transferred to 24[deg]Ce7
- Gene
- BA2He7
- Outcome
- BA2H activitye7
- Direction
- increasee7
- Value
- 15-folde7
- Comparator
- healthy plants incubated at 24[deg]Ce7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Virus-Inoculated Tobacco”
e7“when inoculated plants were incubated for 4 d at 32[deg]C and then transferred to 24[deg]C, they showed a 15-fold increase in BA2H activity and a 65-fold increase in free SA content compared with healthy plants incubated at 24[deg]C”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculated tobacco plants incubated at 32[deg]C for 4 d and then moved to 24[deg]C showed a 65-fold increase in free SA content over healthy plants at 24[deg]C.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- inoculated plants were incubated for 4 d at 32[deg]C and then transferred to 24[deg]Ce7
- Outcome
- free SA contente7
- Direction
- increasee7
- Value
- 65-folde7
- Comparator
- healthy plants incubated at 24[deg]Ce7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Virus-Inoculated Tobacco”
e7“when inoculated plants were incubated for 4 d at 32[deg]C and then transferred to 24[deg]C, they showed a 15-fold increase in BA2H activity and a 65-fold increase in free SA content compared with healthy plants incubated at 24[deg]C”
Claim · model-written summary
Cycloheximide blocked the induction of BA2H activity by TMV in tobacco leaf tissue.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximidee6
- Interactor
- TMVTobacco mosaic viruse6pathogen
- Gene
- BA2He6
- Outcome
- induction of BA2H activitye6
- Direction
- blockede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Virus-Inoculated Tobacco”
e6“Treatment of leaf tissue with the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide blocked the induction of BA2H activity by TMV”
Claim · model-written summary
Infiltrating healthy leaf discs with BA could duplicate the effect of TMV inoculation on BA2H.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- infiltrating leaf discs of healthy plants with BAe0
- Interactor
- TMVTobacco mosaic viruse0pathogen
- Outcome
- effect of TMV inoculation on BA2He0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Virus-Inoculated Tobacco”
e0“The effect of TMV inoculation on BA2H could be duplicated by infiltrating leaf discs of healthy plants with BA”
Claim · model-written summary
The BA2H response was observed even when applied BA levels were much lower than the levels in vivo after virus inoculation.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- applied levels of BAe1
- Outcome
- responsee1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Qualifier
- much lowere1
- Comparator
- the levels observed in vivo after virus inoculatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Virus-Inoculated Tobacco”
e1“This response was observed even when applied levels of BA were much lower than the levels observed in vivo after virus inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
Feeding tobacco leaves with phenylalanine did not trigger BA2H activity induction.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- phenylalaninee2
- Gene
- BA2He2
- Outcome
- induction of BA2H activitye2
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede2
- Qualifier
- putative precursors of SAe2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Virus-Inoculated Tobacco”
e2“Feeding tobacco leaves with phenylalanine, cinnamic acid, or o-coumaric acid (putative precursors of SA) failed to trigger the induction of BA2H activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Feeding tobacco leaves with cinnamic acid did not trigger BA2H activity induction.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- cinnamic acide2
- Gene
- BA2He2
- Outcome
- induction of BA2H activitye2
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede2
- Qualifier
- putative precursors of SAe2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Virus-Inoculated Tobacco”
e2“Feeding tobacco leaves with phenylalanine, cinnamic acid, or o-coumaric acid (putative precursors of SA) failed to trigger the induction of BA2H activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Feeding tobacco leaves with o-coumaric acid did not trigger BA2H activity induction.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Treatment
- o-coumaric acide2
- Gene
- BA2He2
- Outcome
- induction of BA2H activitye2
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede2
- Qualifier
- putative precursors of SAe2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Virus-Inoculated Tobacco”
e2“Feeding tobacco leaves with phenylalanine, cinnamic acid, or o-coumaric acid (putative precursors of SA) failed to trigger the induction of BA2H activity”
Claim · model-written summary
BA2H, a pathogen-inducible protein, appears to have a regulatory role in SA accumulation during induced resistance to TMV in tobacco.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Gene
- BA2He3
- Outcome
- SA accumulatione3
- Qualifier
- pathogen-inducible proteine3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Virus-Inoculated Tobacco”
e3“BA2H appears to be a pathogen-inducible protein with an important regulatory role in SA accumulation during the development of induced resistance to TMV in tobacco”
Claim · model-written summary
Induction of BA2H activity was restricted to tissue expressing a hypersensitive response at 24[deg]C.
- Taxon
- TobaccoNicotiana tabacumt0
- Organ / stage
- tissue expressing a hypersensitive responsee4
- Gene
- BA2He4
- Outcome
- Induction of BA2H activitye4
- Qualifier
- at 24[deg]Ce4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Virus-Inoculated Tobacco”
e4“Induction of BA2H activity was restricted to tissue expressing a hypersensitive response at 24[deg]C”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.