Abstract
As the last stage of leaf development, senescence is a fine-tuned process regulated by interplays of multiple signaling pathways. We have previously identified soybean (Glycine max) SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE (SARK), a leucine-rich repeat-receptor-like protein kinase from soybean, as a positive regulator of leaf senescence. Here, we report the elucidation of the molecular mechanism of GmSARK-mediated leaf senescence, especially its specific roles in senescence-inducing hormonal pathways. A glucocorticoid-inducible transcription system was used to produce transgenic Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants for inducible overexpression of GmSARK, which led to early leaf senescence, chloroplast destruction, and abnormal flower morphology in Arabidopsis. Transcript analyses of the GmSARK-overexpressing seedlings revealed a multitude of changes in phytohormone synthesis and signaling, specifically the repression of cytokinin functions and the induction of auxin and ethylene pathways. Inhibition of either auxin action or ethylene biosynthesis alleviated the senescence induced by GmSARK. Consistently, mutation of either AUXIN RESISTANT1 or ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE2 completely reversed the GmSARK-induced senescence. We further identified a homolog of GmSARK with a similar expression pattern in Arabidopsis and named it AtSARK. Inducible overexpression of AtSARK caused precocious senescence and abnormal floral organ development nearly identical to the GmSARK-overexpressing plants, whereas a T-DNA insertion mutant of AtSARK showed significantly delayed senescence. A kinase assay on recombinant catalytic domains of GmSARK and AtSARK revealed that these two leucine-rich repeat-receptor-like protein kinases autophosphorylate on both serine/threonine and tyrosine residues. We inferred that the SARK-mediated pathway may be a widespread mechanism in regulating leaf senescence.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Inducible GmSARK overexpression caused early leaf senescence, chloroplast destruction and abnormal flower morphology in Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsise0 - Treatment
- inducible overexpression of GmSARKe0
- Gene
- GmSARKe0
- Outcome
- early leaf senescence, chloroplast destruction, and abnormal flower morphologye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inducible overexpression of GmSARK, which led to early leaf senescence, chloroplast destruction, and abnormal flower morphology in Arabidopsis.”
Claim · model-written summary
GmSARK-overexpressing Arabidopsis seedlings showed repression of cytokinin functions.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- GmSARK-overexpressinge0
- Gene
- GmSARKe0
- Outcome
- cytokinin functionse0
- Direction
- repressione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transcript analyses of the GmSARK-overexpressing seedlings revealed a multitude of changes in phytohormone synthesis and signaling, specifically the repression of cytokinin functions and the induction of auxin and ethylene pathways.”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
GmSARK-overexpressing Arabidopsis seedlings showed induction of auxin and ethylene pathways.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- GmSARK-overexpressinge0
- Gene
- GmSARKe0
- Outcome
- auxin and ethylene pathwayse0
- Direction
- inductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transcript analyses of the GmSARK-overexpressing seedlings revealed a multitude of changes in phytohormone synthesis and signaling, specifically the repression of cytokinin functions and the induction of auxin and ethylene pathways.”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Inhibiting auxin action alleviated GmSARK-induced Arabidopsis senescence.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- Inhibition of either auxin actione0
- Gene
- GmSARKe0
- Outcome
- senescencee0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inhibition of either auxin action or ethylene biosynthesis alleviated the senescence induced by GmSARK.”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Inhibiting ethylene biosynthesis alleviated GmSARK-induced Arabidopsis senescence.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- ethylene biosynthesise0
- Gene
- GmSARKe0
- Outcome
- senescencee0
- Direction
- alleviatede0
- Qualifier
- Inhibitione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inhibition of either auxin action or ethylene biosynthesis alleviated the senescence induced by GmSARK.”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
AUXIN RESISTANT1 mutation completely reversed GmSARK-induced Arabidopsis senescence.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- mutatione0
- Gene
- AUXIN RESISTANT1e0
- Outcome
- GmSARK-induced senescencee0
- Direction
- reversede0
- Qualifier
- completelye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mutation of either AUXIN RESISTANT1 or ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE2 completely reversed the GmSARK-induced senescence.”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE2 mutation completely reversed GmSARK-induced Arabidopsis senescence.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- mutatione0
- Gene
- ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE2e0
- Outcome
- GmSARK-induced senescencee0
- Direction
- reversede0
- Qualifier
- completelye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mutation of either AUXIN RESISTANT1 or ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE2 completely reversed the GmSARK-induced senescence.”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
AtSARK was identified as an Arabidopsis GmSARK homolog with a similar expression pattern.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Gene
- AtSARKe0
- Outcome
- a homolog of GmSARK with a similar expression patterne0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We further identified a homolog of GmSARK with a similar expression pattern in Arabidopsis and named it AtSARK.”
Claim · model-written summary
AtSARK overexpression caused precocious senescence and abnormal floral organ development similar to GmSARK-overexpressing Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- Inducible overexpression of AtSARKe0
- Gene
- AtSARKe0
- Outcome
- precocious senescence and abnormal floral organ developmente0
- Qualifier
- nearly identicale0
- Comparator
- GmSARK-overexpressing plantse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inducible overexpression of AtSARK caused precocious senescence and abnormal floral organ development nearly identical to the GmSARK-overexpressing plants”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
An AtSARK T-DNA insertion mutant showed significantly delayed Arabidopsis senescence.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- T-DNA insertione0
- Gene
- AtSARKe0
- Outcome
- senescencee0
- Direction
- delayede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a T-DNA insertion mutant of AtSARK showed significantly delayed senescence.”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
GmSARK autophosphorylated on serine/threonine and tyrosine residues.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe1 - Gene
- GmSARKe0
- Outcome
- autophosphorylate on both serine/threonine and tyrosine residuese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A kinase assay on recombinant catalytic domains of GmSARK and AtSARK revealed that these two leucine-rich repeat-receptor-like protein kinases autophosphorylate on both serine/threonine and tyrosine residues.”
e1“soybean (Glycine max)”
Claim · model-written summary
AtSARK autophosphorylated on serine/threonine and tyrosine residues.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- AtSARKe0
- Outcome
- autophosphorylate on both serine/threonine and tyrosine residuese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A kinase assay on recombinant catalytic domains of GmSARK and AtSARK revealed that these two leucine-rich repeat-receptor-like protein kinases autophosphorylate on both serine/threonine and tyrosine residues.”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
The SARK-mediated pathway may be a widespread mechanism regulating leaf senescence.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- SARKe0
- Outcome
- leaf senescencee0
- Qualifier
- may be a widespread mechanisme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We inferred that the SARK-mediated pathway may be a widespread mechanism in regulating leaf senescence.”
t0“Arabidopsis”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.