Abstract
Glyphosate treatments to glyphosate-resistant (GR) cotton can cause increased fruit loss compared with untreated plants, likely due to reductions in pollen viability and alterations in floral morphology that may reduce pollination efficiency. This study was conducted to determine whether both stamen and pistil are affected by glyphosate treatments by measuring seed set from reciprocal reproductive crosses made between glyphosate-treated GR, untreated GR, and conventional nontransgenic cotton. Pollen viability was 51 and 38% lower for the first and second week of flowering, respectively, in GR plants treated with a four-leaf postemergence (POST) treatment and an eight-leaf POST-directed treatment of glyphosate than in GR plants that were not treated. Seed set per boll was significantly reduced when the pollen donor parent was glyphosate treated vs. untreated for the first 2 wk of flowering. There were no significant differences between treatments applied to male parents as measured by seed set at Weeks 3 and 4 of flowering. Seed set was not influenced by glyphosate treatments applied to female parents at any time. Retention of bolls resulting from crosses was reduced by glyphosate treatment of male parents during the first and third week of flowering but was not affected by glyphosate treatment of female parents. The application of gibberellic acid (GA), which has been shown to reverse male sterility in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) and to enhance boll retention in cotton, was investigated for similar effects in glyphosate-treated GR cotton. The GA treatments to glyphosate-treated plants increased the anther–stigma distance 12-fold, stigma height, and pollen viability in the second week of flowering but decreased the number of seeds in second-position bolls on Fruiting branches 1 through 3, decreased the number of first-position bolls per plant, and increased the number of squares in comparison with glyphosate-treated GR plants not receiving GA. Although GA applications to glyphosate-treated GR cotton have some remedial effect on pollen viability, the GA-induced increase in the anther–stigma difference exacerbates the increase in anther–stigma distance caused by glyphosate, resulting in low pollination.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate applied at the four-leaf POST stage lowered pollen viability in GR cotton by 51 in the first week of flowering compared with untreated GR plants.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutume0 - Treatment
- four-leaf postemergence (POST) treatmente1
- Outcome
- Pollen viabilitye1
- Direction
- lowere1
- Value
- 51e1
- Qualifier
- first and second week of flowering, respectivelye1
- Comparator
- GR plants that were not treatede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“glyphosate-resistant (GR) cotton”
e1“Pollen viability was 51 and 38% lower for the first and second week of flowering, respectively, in GR plants treated with a four-leaf postemergence (POST) treatment and an eight-leaf POST-directed treatment of glyphosate than in GR plants that were not treated”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate applied at the four-leaf POST stage lowered pollen viability in GR cotton by 38% in the second week of flowering compared with untreated GR plants.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- four-leaf postemergence (POST) treatmente1
- Outcome
- Pollen viabilitye1
- Direction
- lowere1
- Value
- 38%e1
- Qualifier
- first and second week of flowering, respectivelye1
- Comparator
- GR plants that were not treatede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“glyphosate-resistant (GR) cotton”
e1“Pollen viability was 51 and 38% lower for the first and second week of flowering, respectively, in GR plants treated with a four-leaf postemergence (POST) treatment and an eight-leaf POST-directed treatment of glyphosate than in GR plants that were not treated”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed set per boll was significantly reduced when the pollen donor parent was glyphosate treated compared with untreated, in the first 2 weeks of flowering.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- glyphosate treatede2
- Outcome
- Seed set per bolle2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Qualifier
- for the first 2 wk of floweringe2
- Comparator
- untreatede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“glyphosate-resistant (GR) cotton”
e2“Seed set per boll was significantly reduced when the pollen donor parent was glyphosate treated vs. untreated for the first 2 wk of flowering”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate treatments applied to male parents did not significantly change seed set at weeks 3 and 4 of flowering.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- treatments applied to male parentse3
- Outcome
- seed set at Weeks 3 and 4 of floweringe3
- Direction
- no significant differencese3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“glyphosate-resistant (GR) cotton”
e3“There were no significant differences between treatments applied to male parents as measured by seed set at Weeks 3 and 4 of flowering”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate treatments applied to female parents did not influence seed set at any time.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- glyphosate treatments applied to female parentse4
- Outcome
- Seed sete4
- Qualifier
- at any timee4
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“glyphosate-resistant (GR) cotton”
e4“Seed set was not influenced by glyphosate treatments applied to female parents at any time”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate treatment of male parents reduced boll retention from crosses during the first and third week of flowering.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- glyphosate treatment of male parentse5
- Outcome
- Retention of bollse5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Qualifier
- during the first and third week of floweringe5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“glyphosate-resistant (GR) cotton”
e5“Retention of bolls resulting from crosses was reduced by glyphosate treatment of male parents during the first and third week of flowering but was not affected by glyphosate treatment of female parents”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyphosate treatment of female parents did not affect boll retention from crosses.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- glyphosate treatment of female parentse5
- Outcome
- Retention of bollse5
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“glyphosate-resistant (GR) cotton”
e5“Retention of bolls resulting from crosses was reduced by glyphosate treatment of male parents during the first and third week of flowering but was not affected by glyphosate treatment of female parents”
Claim · model-written summary
Gibberellic acid applied to glyphosate-treated GR cotton increased anther-stigma distance 12-fold compared with glyphosate-treated plants not receiving GA.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- GA treatments to glyphosate-treated plantse6
- Outcome
- anther–stigma distancee6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Value
- 12-folde6
- Comparator
- glyphosate-treated GR plants not receiving GAe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“glyphosate-resistant (GR) cotton”
e6“The GA treatments to glyphosate-treated plants increased the anther–stigma distance 12-fold, stigma height, and pollen viability in the second week of flowering but decreased the number of seeds in second-position bolls on Fruiting branches 1 through 3, decreased the number of first-position bolls per plant, and increased the number of squares in comparison with glyphosate-treated GR plants not receiving GA. Although GA applications to glyphosate-treated GR cotton have some remedial effect on pollen viability, the GA-induced increase in the anther–stigma difference exacerbates the increase in anther–stigma distance caused by glyphosate, resulting in low pollination”
Claim · model-written summary
Gibberellic acid applied to glyphosate-treated GR cotton increased stigma height and pollen viability in the second week of flowering.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- GA treatments to glyphosate-treated plantse6
- Outcome
- stigma height, and pollen viabilitye6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Qualifier
- in the second week of floweringe6
- Comparator
- glyphosate-treated GR plants not receiving GAe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“glyphosate-resistant (GR) cotton”
e6“The GA treatments to glyphosate-treated plants increased the anther–stigma distance 12-fold, stigma height, and pollen viability in the second week of flowering but decreased the number of seeds in second-position bolls on Fruiting branches 1 through 3, decreased the number of first-position bolls per plant, and increased the number of squares in comparison with glyphosate-treated GR plants not receiving GA. Although GA applications to glyphosate-treated GR cotton have some remedial effect on pollen viability, the GA-induced increase in the anther–stigma difference exacerbates the increase in anther–stigma distance caused by glyphosate, resulting in low pollination”
Claim · model-written summary
Gibberellic acid applied to glyphosate-treated GR cotton decreased the number of seeds in second-position bolls on fruiting branches 1 through 3.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- GA treatments to glyphosate-treated plantse6
- Outcome
- number of seeds in second-position bollse6
- Direction
- decreasede6
- Qualifier
- on Fruiting branches 1 through 3e6
- Comparator
- glyphosate-treated GR plants not receiving GAe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“glyphosate-resistant (GR) cotton”
e6“The GA treatments to glyphosate-treated plants increased the anther–stigma distance 12-fold, stigma height, and pollen viability in the second week of flowering but decreased the number of seeds in second-position bolls on Fruiting branches 1 through 3, decreased the number of first-position bolls per plant, and increased the number of squares in comparison with glyphosate-treated GR plants not receiving GA. Although GA applications to glyphosate-treated GR cotton have some remedial effect on pollen viability, the GA-induced increase in the anther–stigma difference exacerbates the increase in anther–stigma distance caused by glyphosate, resulting in low pollination”
Claim · model-written summary
Gibberellic acid applied to glyphosate-treated GR cotton decreased the number of first-position bolls per plant.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- GA treatments to glyphosate-treated plantse6
- Outcome
- number of first-position bolls per plante6
- Direction
- decreasede6
- Comparator
- glyphosate-treated GR plants not receiving GAe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“glyphosate-resistant (GR) cotton”
e6“The GA treatments to glyphosate-treated plants increased the anther–stigma distance 12-fold, stigma height, and pollen viability in the second week of flowering but decreased the number of seeds in second-position bolls on Fruiting branches 1 through 3, decreased the number of first-position bolls per plant, and increased the number of squares in comparison with glyphosate-treated GR plants not receiving GA. Although GA applications to glyphosate-treated GR cotton have some remedial effect on pollen viability, the GA-induced increase in the anther–stigma difference exacerbates the increase in anther–stigma distance caused by glyphosate, resulting in low pollination”
Claim · model-written summary
Gibberellic acid applied to glyphosate-treated GR cotton increased the number of squares.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- GA treatments to glyphosate-treated plantse6
- Outcome
- number of squarese6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Comparator
- glyphosate-treated GR plants not receiving GAe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“glyphosate-resistant (GR) cotton”
e6“The GA treatments to glyphosate-treated plants increased the anther–stigma distance 12-fold, stigma height, and pollen viability in the second week of flowering but decreased the number of seeds in second-position bolls on Fruiting branches 1 through 3, decreased the number of first-position bolls per plant, and increased the number of squares in comparison with glyphosate-treated GR plants not receiving GA. Although GA applications to glyphosate-treated GR cotton have some remedial effect on pollen viability, the GA-induced increase in the anther–stigma difference exacerbates the increase in anther–stigma distance caused by glyphosate, resulting in low pollination”
Claim · model-written summary
The gibberellic acid-induced increase in anther-stigma difference exacerbates the glyphosate-caused increase in anther-stigma distance, resulting in low pollination.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Compound
- GAe6
- Outcome
- low pollinatione6
- Qualifier
- GA-induced increase in the anther–stigma differencee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“glyphosate-resistant (GR) cotton”
e6“The GA treatments to glyphosate-treated plants increased the anther–stigma distance 12-fold, stigma height, and pollen viability in the second week of flowering but decreased the number of seeds in second-position bolls on Fruiting branches 1 through 3, decreased the number of first-position bolls per plant, and increased the number of squares in comparison with glyphosate-treated GR plants not receiving GA. Although GA applications to glyphosate-treated GR cotton have some remedial effect on pollen viability, the GA-induced increase in the anther–stigma difference exacerbates the increase in anther–stigma distance caused by glyphosate, resulting in low pollination”
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glyphosate · yield · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Results differ
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- no effect
- negative
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3 in the opposite direction
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1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 7 in the opposite direction
- negative
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- positive
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58 papers in the same direction as this paper · 123 in the opposite direction
- positive
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See all 182 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.