Abstract
The pathogenic fungus Colletotrichum musae infects developing green bananas ( Musa spp. AAA group), but remains latent until the fruit ripens. The aim of this research was to determine whether the appearance of disease symptoms is regulated by chitinase gene expression following treatment of fruit with benzothiadiazole (BTH) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and with physical (heat) and chemical (H 2 O 2 and Ca 2+ -related) treatments. In bananas inoculated with C. musae , BTH and MeJA lowered disease severity and stimulated higher gene expression compared with the untreated controls during ripening. However, in naturally infected bananas, BTH and MeJA treatments slightly reduced transcription of the chitinase gene in green bananas, but they prolonged gene expression in ripe bananas and significantly reduced disease severity. The combination of H 2 O 2 and the NADPH oxidase inhibitor, diphenylene iodonium, down-regulated chitinase gene expression and compromised disease resistance compared with H 2 O 2 alone. Heat treatment (HT) or the combination of HT followed by CaCl 2 reduced disease, but only the latter significantly upregulated chitinase gene expression. The combination of HT and a calcium ionophore (A23187) resulted in different disease indicies and different levels of gene expression depending upon the order of application: HT followed by A23187 induced higher gene expression and lower disease. The results suggest that disease resistance of green bananas could be related to high and prolonged levels of chitinase gene expression, and chitinase could be involved in harvested banana's anthracnose resistance activated by different defense pathway signals, such as BTH, MeJA, H 2 O 2 , and Ca 2+ .
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
BTH and MeJA lowered anthracnose disease severity in inoculated bananas compared with untreated controls.
- Taxon
- bananase3
- Treatment
- BTH and MeJAe3
- Interactor
- C. musae
-_Anthracnose_caused_by_Colletotrichum_musae.jpg?width=60)
Colletotrichum musaee3pathogen - Outcome
- disease severitye3
- Direction
- lowerede3
- Comparator
- untreated controlse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
-_Anthracnose_caused_by_Colletotrichum_musae.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e3“In bananas inoculated with C. musae , BTH and MeJA lowered disease severity and stimulated higher gene expression compared with the untreated controls during ripening”
Claim · model-written summary
BTH and MeJA stimulated higher chitinase gene expression during ripening in inoculated bananas compared with untreated controls.
- Taxon
- bananase3
- Treatment
- BTH and MeJAe3
- Interactor
- C. musaeColletotrichum musaee3pathogen
- Gene
- chitinasee1
- Outcome
- gene expressione3
- Direction
- highere3
- Qualifier
- during ripeninge3
- Comparator
- untreated controlse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“regulated by chitinase gene expression following treatment of fruit with benzothiadiazole (BTH) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA)”
e3“In bananas inoculated with C. musae , BTH and MeJA lowered disease severity and stimulated higher gene expression compared with the untreated controls during ripening”
Claim · model-written summary
BTH and MeJA slightly reduced chitinase transcription in naturally infected green bananas.
- Taxon
- bananase4
- Organ / stage
- green bananase4
- Treatment
- BTH and MeJA treatmentse4
- Gene
- chitinasee4
- Outcome
- transcription of the chitinase genee4
- Direction
- reducede4
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e4“in naturally infected bananas, BTH and MeJA treatments slightly reduced transcription of the chitinase gene in green bananas”
Claim · model-written summary
BTH and MeJA prolonged chitinase gene expression in naturally infected ripe bananas.
- Taxon
- bananase5
- Organ / stage
- ripe bananase5
- Treatment
- BTH and MeJA treatmentse4
- Outcome
- gene expressione5
- Direction
- prolongede5
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e4“in naturally infected bananas, BTH and MeJA treatments slightly reduced transcription of the chitinase gene in green bananas”
e5“they prolonged gene expression in ripe bananas”
Claim · model-written summary
BTH and MeJA significantly reduced disease severity in naturally infected bananas.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e4“in naturally infected bananas, BTH and MeJA treatments slightly reduced transcription of the chitinase gene in green bananas”
e6“significantly reduced disease severity”
Claim · model-written summary
The H2O2 plus diphenylene iodonium combination down-regulated chitinase gene expression compared with H2O2 alone.
Verbatim
t0“Harvested Banana”
e7“The combination of H 2 O 2 and the NADPH oxidase inhibitor, diphenylene iodonium, down-regulated chitinase gene expression”
e2“compromised disease resistance compared with H 2 O 2 alone”
Claim · model-written summary
The H2O2 plus diphenylene iodonium combination compromised disease resistance compared with H2O2 alone.
Verbatim
t0“Harvested Banana”
e7“The combination of H 2 O 2 and the NADPH oxidase inhibitor, diphenylene iodonium, down-regulated chitinase gene expression”
e2“compromised disease resistance compared with H 2 O 2 alone”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat treatment reduced disease in harvested banana.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Harvested Banana”
e0“Heat treatment (HT) or the combination of HT followed by CaCl 2 reduced disease”
Claim · model-written summary
The combination of heat treatment followed by CaCl2 reduced disease in harvested banana.
- Taxon
- Harvested Bananat0
- Treatment
- the combination of HT followed by CaCl 2e0
- Outcome
- diseasee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Harvested Banana”
e0“Heat treatment (HT) or the combination of HT followed by CaCl 2 reduced disease”
Claim · model-written summary
The combination of heat treatment followed by CaCl2 significantly up-regulated chitinase gene expression.
- Taxon
- Harvested Bananat0
- Treatment
- the combination of HT followed by CaCl 2e0
- Gene
- chitinasee1
- Outcome
- chitinase gene expressione1
- Direction
- upregulatede1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Harvested Banana”
e0“Heat treatment (HT) or the combination of HT followed by CaCl 2 reduced disease”
e1“but only the latter significantly upregulated chitinase gene expression”
Claim · model-written summary
HT followed by A23187 induced higher chitinase gene expression in harvested banana.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Harvested Banana”
e6“HT followed by A23187 induced higher gene expression and lower disease”
Claim · model-written summary
HT followed by A23187 lowered disease in harvested banana.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Harvested Banana”
e6“HT followed by A23187 induced higher gene expression and lower disease”
Claim · model-written summary
Disease resistance of green bananas may be related to high and prolonged chitinase gene expression.
Verbatim
e0“disease resistance of green bananas could be related to high and prolonged levels of chitinase gene expression”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitinase may be involved in anthracnose resistance of harvested banana, activated by defence pathway signals.
Verbatim
e7“chitinase could be involved in harvested banana's anthracnose resistance”
The same questions in other papers
dibenziodolium · molecular: expression · MusaResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
(-)-methyl jasmonate · molecular: expression · MusaResults agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
(-)-methyl jasmonate · Colletotrichum musae · MusaResults agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
acibenzolar-S-methyl · disease · MusaResults agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
acibenzolar-S-methyl · molecular: expression · MusaResults agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
(-)-methyl jasmonate · disease · MusaResults agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
acibenzolar-S-methyl · Colletotrichum musae · MusaResults agree
5 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →heat · molecular: expression · MusaPositive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.