Abstract
BACKGROUND: Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades, which consist of three functionally associated protein kinases, namely MEKKs, MKKs and MPKs, are universal signaling modules in all eukaryotes and have been shown to play critical roles in many physiological and biochemical processes in plants. However, little or nothing is known about the MPK and MKK families in watermelon. RESULTS: In the present study, we performed a systematic characterization of the ClMPK and ClMKK families including the identification and nomenclature, chromosomal localization, phylogenetic relationships, ClMPK-ClMKK interactions, expression patterns in different tissues and in response to abiotic and biotic stress and transient expression-based functional analysis for their roles in disease resistance. Genome-wide survey identified fifteen ClMPK and six ClMKK genes in watermelon genome and phylogenetic analysis revealed that both of the ClMPK and ClMKK families can be classified into four distinct groups. Yeast two-hybrid assays demonstrated significant interactions between members of the ClMPK and ClMKK families, defining putative ClMKK2-1/ClMKK6-ClMPK4-1/ClMPK4-2/ClMPK13 and ClMKK5-ClMPK6 cascades. Most of the members in the ClMPK and ClMKK families showed differential expression patterns in different tissues and in response to abiotic (e.g. drought, salt, cold and heat treatments) and biotic (e.g. infection of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum) stresses. Transient expression of ClMPK1, ClMPK4-2 and ClMPK7 in Nicotiana benthamiana resulted in enhanced resistance to Botrytis cinerea and upregulated expression of defense genes while transient expression of ClMPK6 and ClMKK2-2 led to increased susceptibility to B. cinerea. Furthermore, transient expression of ClMPK7 also led to hypersensitive response (HR)-like cell death and significant accumulation of H2O2 in N. benthamiana. CONCLUSION: We identified fifteen ClMPK and six ClMKK genes from watermelon and analyzed their phylogenetic relationships, expression patterns and protein-protein interactions and functions in disease resistance. Our results demonstrate that ClMPK1, ClMPK4-2 and ClMPK7 positively but ClMPK6 and ClMKK2-2 negatively regulate the resistance to B. cinerea when transiently expressed in N. benthamiana and that ClMPK7 functions as a regulator of HR-like cell death through modulating the generation of H2O2.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Fifteen ClMPK genes were identified in watermelon.
- Taxon
- watermelon
Citrullus lanatuse0 - Gene
- ClMPKe0
- Outcome
- fifteen ClMPKe0
- Value
- fifteene0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Genome-wide survey identified fifteen ClMPK and six ClMKK genes in watermelon genome”
Claim · model-written summary
Six ClMKK genes were identified in watermelon.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatuse0
- Gene
- ClMKKe0
- Outcome
- six ClMKKe0
- Value
- sixe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Genome-wide survey identified fifteen ClMPK and six ClMKK genes in watermelon genome”
Claim · model-written summary
The ClMPK and ClMKK families each resolved into four groups.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Outcome
- four distinct groupse0
- Value
- foure0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both of the ClMPK and ClMKK families can be classified into four distinct groups”
t0“watermelon (Citrullus lanatus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Yeast two-hybrid assays supported interactions defining putative ClMKK–ClMPK cascades.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Gene
- ClMKK2-1/ClMKK6-ClMPK4-1/ClMPK4-2/ClMPK13 and ClMKK5-ClMPK6e0
- Outcome
- significant interactionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yeast two-hybrid assays demonstrated significant interactions between members of the ClMPK and ClMKK families, defining putative ClMKK2-1/ClMKK6-ClMPK4-1/ClMPK4-2/ClMPK13 and ClMKK5-ClMPK6 cascades”
t0“watermelon (Citrullus lanatus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Most ClMPK and ClMKK members differed in expression across tissues.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Organ / stage
- different tissuese0
- Gene
- ClMPK and ClMKKe0
- Outcome
- differential expression patternse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Most of the members in the ClMPK and ClMKK families showed differential expression patterns in different tissues”
t0“watermelon (Citrullus lanatus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Most ClMPK and ClMKK members showed differential expression under abiotic and biotic stress.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Treatment
- drought, salt, cold and heat treatmentse0
- Interactor
- Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveume0pathogen - Gene
- ClMPK and ClMKKe0
- Outcome
- differential expression patternse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Most of the members in the ClMPK and ClMKK families showed differential expression patterns in different tissues and in response to abiotic (e.g. drought, salt, cold and heat treatments) and biotic (e.g. infection of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum) stresses”
t0“watermelon (Citrullus lanatus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Transient ClMPK1 expression enhanced resistance to Botrytis cinerea in Nicotiana benthamiana.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamiana
Nicotiana benthamianae0 - Treatment
- Transient expression of ClMPK1e0
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinerea
Botrytis cinereae0pathogen - Gene
- ClMPK1e0
- Outcome
- resistance to Botrytis cinereae0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transient expression of ClMPK1, ClMPK4-2 and ClMPK7 in Nicotiana benthamiana resulted in enhanced resistance to Botrytis cinerea”
Claim · model-written summary
Transient ClMPK4-2 expression enhanced resistance to Botrytis cinerea.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae0
- Treatment
- ClMPK4-2e0
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinereaBotrytis cinereae0pathogen
- Gene
- ClMPK4-2e0
- Outcome
- resistance to Botrytis cinereae0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transient expression of ClMPK1, ClMPK4-2 and ClMPK7 in Nicotiana benthamiana resulted in enhanced resistance to Botrytis cinerea”
Claim · model-written summary
Transient ClMPK7 expression enhanced resistance to Botrytis cinerea.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae0
- Treatment
- ClMPK7e0
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinereaBotrytis cinereae0pathogen
- Gene
- ClMPK7e0
- Outcome
- resistance to Botrytis cinereae0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transient expression of ClMPK1, ClMPK4-2 and ClMPK7 in Nicotiana benthamiana resulted in enhanced resistance to Botrytis cinerea”
Claim · model-written summary
Transient expression of ClMPK1, ClMPK4-2 and ClMPK7 upregulated defense genes.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae0
- Treatment
- Transient expression of ClMPK1, ClMPK4-2 and ClMPK7e0
- Gene
- defense genese0
- Outcome
- expression of defense genese0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transient expression of ClMPK1, ClMPK4-2 and ClMPK7 in Nicotiana benthamiana resulted in enhanced resistance to Botrytis cinerea and upregulated expression of defense genes”
Claim · model-written summary
Transient ClMPK6 expression increased susceptibility to B. cinerea.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianat0
- Treatment
- ClMPK6e0
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae0pathogen
- Gene
- ClMPK6e0
- Outcome
- susceptibility to B. cinereae0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“transient expression of ClMPK6 and ClMKK2-2 led to increased susceptibility to B. cinerea”
t0“Nicotiana benthamiana”
Claim · model-written summary
Transient ClMKK2-2 expression increased susceptibility to B. cinerea.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianat0
- Treatment
- ClMKK2-2e0
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae0pathogen
- Gene
- ClMKK2-2e0
- Outcome
- susceptibility to B. cinereae0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“transient expression of ClMPK6 and ClMKK2-2 led to increased susceptibility to B. cinerea”
t0“Nicotiana benthamiana”
Claim · model-written summary
Transient ClMPK7 expression produced HR-like cell death.
- Taxon
- N. benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae1
- Treatment
- transient expression of ClMPK7e0
- Gene
- ClMPK7e0
- Outcome
- hypersensitive response (HR)-like cell deathe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“transient expression of ClMPK7 also led to hypersensitive response (HR)-like cell death”
e1“H2O2 in N. benthamiana”
Claim · model-written summary
Transient ClMPK7 expression caused significant H2O2 accumulation.
- Taxon
- N. benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae0
- Treatment
- transient expression of ClMPK7e0
- Gene
- ClMPK7e0
- Outcome
- accumulation of H2O2e0
- Direction
- accumulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“transient expression of ClMPK7 also led to hypersensitive response (HR)-like cell death and significant accumulation of H2O2 in N. benthamiana”
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See all 29 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.