Abstract
Treating seeds with growth regulators may be a suitable method for controlling plug height of selected ornamental and horticultural plants.Soaking seeds in 50-1000 mgL -1 paclobutrazol solutions reduced plug growth in verbena (Verbena x hybrida Voss., cv.Quartz White), pansy (Viola wittrockiana, cv.Bingo Yellow Blotch), salvia (Salvia splendens, cv.Vista Red), marigold (Tagetes patula L., cv.Bonanza Gold), dill (Anathemum graveolens, cv.Fernleaf), and cucumber (Cucumis sativus, cv.Poinsett 76SR).When treating seeds with growth regulators, seedling emergence was delayed and reduced in verbena, pansy, salvia, dill, but not cucumber or marigold.Osmopriming or coating verbena seeds with 10-500 mgL -1 paclobutrazol were associated with 30-93% or 86-100% reduction in seedling emergence, respectively.Soaking marigold seeds during 0.15-45 min in 1-5 mgL -1 uniconazole solutions resulted in plants which were shorter up to 23%, while similar application of 10-60 mgL -1 ancymidol solutions resulted in plants which were shorter up to 6%.Soaking marigold seeds in 1-5 mgL -1 uniconazole or 10-60 mgL -1 ancymidol solutions did not reduce seedling emergence.Storing paclobutrazolsoaked seeds in a cold chamber for 22 months did not affect marigold growth reduction rates and seedling emergence.Soaking celosia (Celosia cristata, cv.New Look) seeds in 50-1000 mgL -1 paclobutrazol solutions was associated with negligible reduction in seedling growth, while similar application of ancymidol or chlormequat did not reduce seedling growth.iii Soaking verbena or marigold seeds in 10-500 mgL -1 paclobutrazol solutions for 5-180 min did not reduce seed viability (tetrazolium test), but did reduce respiration and heat production rates in seeds.Reductions in seedling emergence and reduced respiration rates in paclobutrazol-treated seeds indicate that paclobutrazol imposed dormancy in verbena seeds.Washing restored rates of respiration and heat production in verbena and marigold seeds.Seed coat morphology or hilum size in verbena, celosia, marigold, or cucumber could not be associated with seedling growth response to treating seeds with growth regulators.Scanning electron microscopy found deposits of Bonzi formulation on the surface of celosia seeds that were soaked in 500 mgL -1 paclobutrazol solution for 180 min.Energy disperse x-ray spectroscopy detected increased aluminum concentration on the surface of seeds soaked in 500 (celosia and marigold) or 1000 (cucumber) mgL -1 paclobutrazol solution for 180 min.Paclobutrazol concentration in the seed coats was higher than in the rest of the seed after soaking cucumber seeds in 1000-4000 mgL -1 paclobutrazol solutions.Seed coats of cucumber represent a barrier for paclobutrazol penetration into seeds at least during short soaking durations (5 min).Flowering delays of 7-10 days were found for salvia and cucumber plants grown from seeds soaked in 10-500 (salvia) or 50-1000 (cucumber) mgL -1 paclobutrazol solutions.Soaking salvia seeds in 10-500 mgL -1 paclobutrazol solutions for 5-360 min did not influence germination of the next generation of seeds.Cucumber plants grown from seeds soaked in 1000 mgL -1 paclobutrazol solutions had up to 37% lower average fruit weight than controls.Total fruit yield and fruit size in cucumber were reduced when fruits were collected on plants grown from seeds soaked in increasing paclobutrazol iv rates for 180 min.No reductions in average fruit weight, total fruit yield or fruit diameter were found for tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., cv.Sun 6108) plants grown from seeds soaked in 50-1000 mgL -1 paclobutrazol solutions for 5-180 min.Paclobutrazol residue was not detected (0.025 gkg -1 DW detection limit) in cucumber or tomato fruits harvested on plants grown from seeds soaked in 1000 mgL -1 paclobutrazol solution during 180 min.From a practical point of view, soaking seeds in 50-500 mgL -1 paclobutrazol solutions for 5-180 min could be employed to produce short cucumber plugs without reducing fruit yield.Results of this study could be further used towards the authorization of paclobutrazol usage for controlling plug height in vegetable crops.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Soaking seeds in 50-1000 mg/L paclobutrazol reduced plug growth in verbena, pansy and salvia.
- Taxon
- verbena (Verbena x hybrida Voss., cv.Quartz White), pansy (Viola wittrockiana, cv.Bingo Yellow Blotch), salvia (Salvia splendens, cv.Vista Red)
Glandularia ×hybrida
Salvia splendens
Viola ×wittrockianae0 - Treatment
- Soaking seeds in 50-1000 mgL -1 paclobutrazol solutionse0
- Outcome
- plug growthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soaking seeds in 50-1000 mgL -1 paclobutrazol solutions reduced plug growth in verbena (Verbena x hybrida Voss., cv.Quartz White), pansy (Viola wittrockiana, cv.Bingo Yellow Blotch), salvia (Salvia splendens, cv.Vista Red)”
Claim · model-written summary
Soaking seeds in 50-1000 mg/L paclobutrazol reduced plug growth in marigold, dill and cucumber.
- Taxon
- marigold (Tagetes patula L., cv.Bonanza Gold), dill (Anathemum graveolens, cv.Fernleaf), and cucumber (Cucumis sativus, cv.Poinsett 76SR)
Cucumis sativus
Anethum graveolens.jpg?width=60)
Tagetes patulae1 - Treatment
- Soaking seeds in 50-1000 mgL -1 paclobutrazol solutionse0
- Outcome
- plug growthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Soaking seeds in 50-1000 mgL -1 paclobutrazol solutions reduced plug growth in”
e1“marigold (Tagetes patula L., cv.Bonanza Gold), dill (Anathemum graveolens, cv.Fernleaf), and cucumber (Cucumis sativus, cv.Poinsett 76SR)”
Claim · model-written summary
Treating seeds with growth regulators delayed and reduced seedling emergence in verbena, pansy, salvia and dill.
- Taxon
- verbena, pansy, salvia, dille0
- Treatment
- treating seeds with growth regulatorse0
- Outcome
- seedling emergencee0
- Direction
- delayed and reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“When treating seeds with growth regulators, seedling emergence was delayed and reduced in verbena, pansy, salvia, dill, but not cucumber or marigold”
Claim · model-written summary
Treating seeds with growth regulators did not affect seedling emergence in cucumber or marigold.
- Taxon
- cucumber or marigolde0
- Treatment
- treating seeds with growth regulatorse0
- Outcome
- seedling emergencee0
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“When treating seeds with growth regulators, seedling emergence was delayed and reduced in verbena, pansy, salvia, dill, but not cucumber or marigold”
Claim · model-written summary
Osmopriming verbena seeds with 10-500 mg/L paclobutrazol reduced seedling emergence by 30-93%.
- Treatment
- Osmopriming or coating verbena seeds with 10-500 mgL -1 paclobutrazole0
- Outcome
- seedling emergencee0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 30-93%e0
VerbenaNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Osmopriming or coating verbena seeds with 10-500 mgL -1 paclobutrazol were associated with 30-93% or 86-100% reduction in seedling emergence, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Coating verbena seeds with 10-500 mg/L paclobutrazol reduced seedling emergence by 86-100%.
- Treatment
- Osmopriming or coating verbena seeds with 10-500 mgL -1 paclobutrazole0
- Outcome
- seedling emergencee0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 86-100%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Osmopriming or coating verbena seeds with 10-500 mgL -1 paclobutrazol were associated with 30-93% or 86-100% reduction in seedling emergence, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Soaking marigold seeds for 0.15-45 min in 1-5 mg/L uniconazole gave plants up to 23% shorter.
- Taxon
- marigolde0
- Treatment
- Soaking marigold seeds during 0.15-45 min in 1-5 mgL -1 uniconazole solutionse0
- Outcome
- plants which were shortere0
- Direction
- shortere0
- Value
- up to 23%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Soaking marigold seeds during 0.15-45 min in 1-5 mgL -1 uniconazole solutions resulted in plants which were shorter up to 23%”
Claim · model-written summary
Soaking marigold seeds in 10-60 mg/L ancymidol gave plants up to 6% shorter.
- Taxon
- marigolde0
- Treatment
- similar application of 10-60 mgL -1 ancymidol solutionse1
- Outcome
- plants which were shortere1
- Direction
- shortere1
- Value
- up to 6%e1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Soaking marigold seeds during”
e1“similar application of 10-60 mgL -1 ancymidol solutions resulted in plants which were shorter up to 6%”
Claim · model-written summary
Soaking marigold seeds in uniconazole or ancymidol at the tested concentrations did not reduce seedling emergence.
- Taxon
- marigolde0
- Treatment
- Soaking marigold seeds in 1-5 mgL -1 uniconazole or 10-60 mgL -1 ancymidol solutionse0
- Outcome
- seedling emergencee0
- Direction
- did not reducee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Soaking marigold seeds in 1-5 mgL -1 uniconazole or 10-60 mgL -1 ancymidol solutions did not reduce seedling emergence”
Claim · model-written summary
Storing paclobutrazol-soaked marigold seeds in a cold chamber for 22 months did not change growth reduction rates or seedling emergence.
- Taxon
- marigolde0
- Treatment
- Storing paclobutrazolsoaked seeds in a cold chamber for 22 monthse0
- Outcome
- growth reduction rates and seedling emergencee0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Storing paclobutrazolsoaked seeds in a cold chamber for 22 months did not affect marigold growth reduction rates and seedling emergence”
Claim · model-written summary
Soaking celosia seeds in 50-1000 mg/L paclobutrazol gave negligible reduction in seedling growth, and ancymidol or chlormequat did not reduce it.
- Taxon
- Celosia cristata
Celosia cristatae0 - Material
- cv.New Looke0
- Treatment
- 50-1000 mgL -1 paclobutrazol solutionse0
- Outcome
- seedling growthe0
- Direction
- negligible reductione0
- Qualifier
- ancymidol or chlormequat did not reduce seedling growthe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soaking celosia (Celosia cristata, cv.New Look) seeds in 50-1000 mgL -1 paclobutrazol solutions was associated with negligible reduction in seedling growth, while similar application of ancymidol or chlormequat did not reduce seedling growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Soaking verbena or marigold seeds in 10-500 mg/L paclobutrazol for 5-180 min did not reduce seed viability.
- Taxon
- verbena or marigolde0
- Treatment
- 10-500 mgL -1 paclobutrazol solutions for 5-180 mine0
- Outcome
- seed viabilitye0
- Direction
- did not reducee0
- Qualifier
- tetrazolium teste0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Soaking verbena or marigold seeds in 10-500 mgL -1 paclobutrazol solutions for 5-180 min did not reduce seed viability (tetrazolium test)”
Claim · model-written summary
The same paclobutrazol soaks reduced respiration and heat production rates of verbena and marigold seeds.
- Taxon
- verbena or marigolde0
- Treatment
- 10-500 mgL -1 paclobutrazol solutions for 5-180 mine0
- Outcome
- respiration and heat production ratese1
- Direction
- reducee1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Soaking verbena or marigold seeds in 10-500 mgL -1 paclobutrazol solutions for 5-180 min”
e1“did reduce respiration and heat production rates in seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that paclobutrazol imposed dormancy in verbena seeds, from reduced emergence and respiration.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“paclobutrazol imposed dormancy in verbena seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Plants of salvia and cucumber grown from paclobutrazol-soaked seeds flowered 7-10 days later.
- Taxon
- salvia and cucumberCucumis sativus
Salviae0 - Treatment
- seeds soaked in 10-500 (salvia) or 50-1000 (cucumber) mgL -1 paclobutrazol solutionse0
- Outcome
- Floweringe0
- Direction
- delayse0
- Value
- 7-10 dayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Flowering delays of 7-10 days were found for salvia and cucumber plants grown from seeds soaked in 10-500 (salvia) or 50-1000 (cucumber) mgL -1 paclobutrazol solutions”
Claim · model-written summary
Cucumber plants from seeds soaked in 1000 mg/L paclobutrazol had up to 37% lower average fruit weight than controls.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Treatment
- seeds soaked in 1000 mgL -1 paclobutrazol solutionse0
- Outcome
- average fruit weighte0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- up to 37%e0
- Comparator
- controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cucumber plants grown from seeds soaked in 1000 mgL -1 paclobutrazol solutions had up to 37% lower average fruit weight than controls”
Claim · model-written summary
Total fruit yield and fruit size of cucumber were reduced for plants grown from seeds soaked for 180 min in increasing paclobutrazol rates.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Treatment
- seeds soaked in increasing paclobutrazol iv rates for 180 mine0
- Outcome
- Total fruit yield and fruit sizee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total fruit yield and fruit size in cucumber were reduced when fruits were collected on plants grown from seeds soaked in increasing paclobutrazol iv rates for 180 min”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato plants grown from seeds soaked in 50-1000 mg/L paclobutrazol for 5-180 min showed no reduction in average fruit weight, total yield or fruit diameter.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Material
- cv.Sun 6108e0
- Treatment
- seeds soaked in 50-1000 mgL -1 paclobutrazol solutions for 5-180 mine0
- Outcome
- average fruit weight, total fruit yield or fruit diametere0
- Direction
- No reductionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No reductions in average fruit weight, total fruit yield or fruit diameter were found for tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., cv.Sun 6108) plants grown from seeds soaked in 50-1000 mgL -1 paclobutrazol solutions for 5-180 min”
Claim · model-written summary
No paclobutrazol residue was detected in cucumber or tomato fruits from plants grown from seeds soaked in 1000 mg/L paclobutrazol for 180 min.
- Taxon
- cucumber or tomatoCucumis sativusSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- seeds soaked in 1000 mgL -1 paclobutrazol solution during 180 mine0
- Outcome
- Paclobutrazol residuee0
- Qualifier
- 0.025 gkg -1 DW detection limite0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Paclobutrazol residue was not detected (0.025 gkg -1 DW detection limit) in cucumber or tomato fruits harvested on plants grown from seeds soaked in 1000 mgL -1 paclobutrazol solution during 180 min”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend soaking seeds in 50-500 mg/L paclobutrazol for 5-180 min to produce short cucumber plugs without reducing fruit yield.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Treatment
- soaking seeds in 50-500 mgL -1 paclobutrazol solutions for 5-180 mine0
- Outcome
- produce short cucumber plugs without reducing fruit yielde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soaking seeds in 50-500 mgL -1 paclobutrazol solutions for 5-180 min could be employed to produce short cucumber plugs without reducing fruit yield”
The same questions in other papers
paclobutrazol · yield · Cucumis sativus (cucumber)Results differ
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →paclobutrazol · yield · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results differ
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 6 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
8 papers more in this group
See all 12 papers →paclobutrazol · growth · Tagetes (marigolds)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
paclobutrazol · phenology · Cucumis sativus (cucumber)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
paclobutrazol · growth · Verbena (vervains)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
uniconazole · growth · Tagetes (marigolds)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
paclobutrazol · growth · Cucumis sativus (cucumber)Positive and negative results
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- positive
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →paclobutrazol · growth · Anethum graveolens (dill)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
8 of 25 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.