Abstract
Plants can acquire an enhanced defensive capacity after treatment with a resistance-inducing agent that results in a faster and/or stronger defence reaction against pathogens. These agents induce a broad spectrum and long lasting resistance, but rarely provide complete control of infections (for the most part between 20 to 85% of disease control). Under field conditions, the expression of induced resistance is often inconsistent and likely to be influenced by the environment, plant genotype and its physiology. However little information is available on the role of these factors on the level of induced resistance. Since abiotic stresses may strongly influence the host plant, the aim of this project is to investigate the effect of a short heat and/or drought exposure of grapevine plants on the systemic resistance activated by Trichoderma harzianum T39 (T39) or benzothiaziadole (BTH) against downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola). In susceptible grapevine cultivars grown under controlled greenhouse conditions, foliar treatments with T39 or BTH reduce disease severity. Gene expression analysis indicates the activation of jasmonic acid and ethylene signal in the defence induced by T39, while salicylic acid pathway is activated by BTH. The pre-exposure of plants to drought and/or heat stress (abiotic stress) did not affect the efficacy of BTH-activated resistance. On the contrary, the T39-induced resistance was influenced by the plant pre-exposure to the above mentioned abiotic stress conditions, showing different levels of downy mildew reduction. The results indicate that T39-induced resistance might be a useful tool in the control of downy mildew, but, even if its efficacy level is not affect by the genotype, it can be modulated by the physiological state of the plant. Further characterization of molecular events of T39-induced resistance under abiotic stress exposure could be particularly important in order to predict the possible effect and stability of T39-induced resistance under field condition especially in a view of climate change.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar T39 reduced downy mildew severity in susceptible grapevine cultivars in a greenhouse.
VitisNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In susceptible grapevine cultivars grown under controlled greenhouse conditions, foliar treatments with T39 or BTH reduce disease severity.”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar BTH reduced downy mildew severity in susceptible grapevine cultivars in a greenhouse.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In susceptible grapevine cultivars grown under controlled greenhouse conditions, foliar treatments with T39 or BTH reduce disease severity.”
Claim · model-written summary
T39 induced defence activated jasmonic acid and ethylene signaling.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Gene expression analysis indicates the activation of jasmonic acid and ethylene signal in the defence induced by T39, while salicylic acid pathway is activated by BTH.”
e1“In susceptible grapevine cultivars grown under controlled greenhouse conditions, foliar treatments with T39 or BTH reduce disease severity.”
Claim · model-written summary
BTH induced defence activated the salicylic acid pathway.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Gene expression analysis indicates the activation of jasmonic acid and ethylene signal in the defence induced by T39, while salicylic acid pathway is activated by BTH.”
e1“In susceptible grapevine cultivars grown under controlled greenhouse conditions, foliar treatments with T39 or BTH reduce disease severity.”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought or heat pre-exposure did not alter BTH activated resistance efficacy.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee0
- Treatment
- drought and/or heat stresse0
- Outcome
- efficacy of BTH-activated resistancee0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The pre-exposure of plants to drought and/or heat stress (abiotic stress) did not affect the efficacy of BTH-activated resistance.”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought or heat pre-exposure altered T39 induced resistance and downy mildew reduction.
- Taxon
- plante0
- Treatment
- abiotic stress conditionse0
- Outcome
- downy mildew reductione0
- Direction
- different levelse0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“On the contrary, the T39-induced resistance was influenced by the plant pre-exposure to the above mentioned abiotic stress conditions, showing different levels of downy mildew reduction.”
Claim · model-written summary
Genotype did not affect T39 efficacy.
Verbatim
e0“even if its efficacy level is not affect by the genotype, it can be modulated by the physiological state of the plant.”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant physiological state modulated T39 efficacy.
Not reportedOrgan / stageDirection
Verbatim
e0“even if its efficacy level is not affect by the genotype, it can be modulated by the physiological state of the plant.”
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