Abstract
SummaryIn several commercial orchards the percentages of Ca and K in the leaves and fruit of the cultivar Cox’s Orange Pippin were determined at intervals during one or more years. The values for a series of untreated trees were continually compared with those of a comparable series of trees which were sprayed at about seven-day intervals with a Ca(NO3)2 solution. At the end of each experiment the fruit was placed in storage and later examined for the incidence of bitter pit.The Ca contents of leaves and fruit and the quotient (K+Mg)/Ca in the leaves of untreated trees showed only a moderate relationship with the percentage of bitter pit. The K content of the fruit was more closely correlated, however.The level above which much bitter pit was unlikely to occur was found to be approximately 7.5–8 mg Ca in a fruit of 140 g fresh weight.The total amount of Ca in the untreated fruit increased in a rather regular and comparable fashion in the various experiments. The rate of increase was somewhat higher during the first period of development, until the fruit reached about 20–40 g in weight, than during its subsequent growth.Spray treatments increased the Ca content of the leaves by 0.2–0.5% of the dry weight; a maximum of 4 mg Ca was added to the fruit, an increase of 47% on the basis of the amount already present. In general the Ca level increased progressively during the season with successive spray applications, and 9–15 sprays reduced bitter pit incidence to about 5%.The permeability of the fruit tissue to ions diminished as a result of the sprays, and it is suggested that an increase in cell membrane permeability may be involved in the development of the disease.For commercial orchards, more frequent sprays may need to be applied than are recommended at present to provide effective control of bitter pit.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf and fruit calcium and leaf (K+Mg)/Ca in untreated Cox’s Orange Pippin had only a moderate relationship with bitter pit.
- Taxon
- Apple
Malus domesticat0 - Material
- Cox’s Orange Pippint0
- Organ / stage
- leaves and fruite0
- Compound
- Cae0
- Outcome
- percentage of bitter pite0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Cox’s Orange Pippin”
e0“The Ca contents of leaves and fruit and the quotient (K+Mg)/Ca in the leaves of untreated trees showed only a moderate relationship with the percentage of bitter pit.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit potassium was more closely correlated with bitter pit.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- fruite0
- Outcome
- K content of the fruite0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Cox’s Orange Pippin”
e0“The K content of the fruit was more closely correlated, however.”
Claim · model-written summary
Much bitter pit was unlikely above approximately 7.5–8 mg calcium per 140 g fruit.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Cox’s Orange Pippin”
e0“The level above which much bitter pit was unlikely to occur was found to be approximately 7.5–8 mg Ca in a fruit of 140 g fresh weight.”
Claim · model-written summary
Untreated fruit calcium rose regularly across experiments.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- total amount of Ca in the untreated fruite0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Cox’s Orange Pippin”
e0“The total amount of Ca in the untreated fruit increased in a rather regular and comparable fashion in the various experiments.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit calcium increased faster early in development until fruit weighed about 20–40 g.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Organ / stage
- fruite0
- Outcome
- rate of increasee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 20–40 ge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Cox’s Orange Pippin”
e0“The rate of increase was somewhat higher during the first period of development, until the fruit reached about 20–40 g in weight, than during its subsequent growth.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sprays raised leaf calcium by 0.2–0.5% of dry weight.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Spray treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Ca content of the leavese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 0.2–0.5% of the dry weighte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Cox’s Orange Pippin”
e0“Spray treatments increased the Ca content of the leaves by 0.2–0.5% of the dry weight”
Claim · model-written summary
Sprays added at most 4 mg calcium to fruit, a 47% increase.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- Spray treatmentse1
- Outcome
- Cae0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 4 mg Cae0
- Comparator
- amount already presente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Cox’s Orange Pippin”
e0“a maximum of 4 mg Ca was added to the fruit, an increase of 47% on the basis of the amount already present.”
e1“Spray treatments increased the Ca content of the leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium level rose progressively with successive sprays.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- successive spray applicationse0
- Outcome
- Ca levele0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Cox’s Orange Pippin”
e0“the Ca level increased progressively during the season with successive spray applications”
Claim · model-written summary
Nine to fifteen sprays reduced bitter pit incidence to about 5%.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- 9–15 sprayse0
- Outcome
- bitter pit incidencee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Cox’s Orange Pippin”
e0“9–15 sprays reduced bitter pit incidence to about 5%”
Claim · model-written summary
Sprays diminished fruit tissue permeability to ions.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- sprayse0
- Outcome
- permeability of the fruit tissue to ionse0
- Direction
- diminishede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Cox’s Orange Pippin”
e0“The permeability of the fruit tissue to ions diminished as a result of the sprays”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors suggest increased membrane permeability may contribute to bitter pit.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- development of the diseasee0
- Qualifier
- increase in cell membrane permeabilitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Cox’s Orange Pippin”
e0“an increase in cell membrane permeability may be involved in the development of the disease”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors suggest more frequent sprays for commercial bitter pit control.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Outcome
- more frequent sprays may need to be appliede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Cox’s Orange Pippin”
e0“For commercial orchards, more frequent sprays may need to be applied than are recommended at present to provide effective control of bitter pit.”
The same questions in other papers
application · disease · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
79 papers in the same direction as this paper · 26 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- negative
- negative
103 papers more in this group
See all 107 papers →application · nutrient: content · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
99 papers in the same direction as this paper · 16 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
112 papers more in this group
See all 116 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.