Abstract
A quantitative understanding of yield response to water and nutrients is key to improving the productivity and sustainability of rainfed cropping systems. Here, we quantified the effects of rainfall, fertilization (NPK) and soil organic amendments (with straw and manure) on yields of a rainfed wheat-soybean system in the North China Plain (NCP), using 30-years' field experimental data (1982-2012) and the simulation model-AquaCrop. On average, wheat and soybean yields were 5 and 2.5 times higher in the fertilized treatments than in the unfertilized control (CK), respectively. Yields of fertilized treatments increased and yields of CK decreased over time. NPK + manure increased yields more than NPK alone or NPK + straw. The additional effect of manure is likely due to increased availability of K and micronutrients. Wheat yields were limited by rainfall and can be increased through soil mulching (15%) or irrigation (35%). In conclusion, combined applications of fertilizer NPK and manure were more effective in sustaining high crop yields than recommended fertilizer NPK applications. Manure applications led to strong accumulation of NPK and relatively low NPK use efficiencies. Water deficiency in wheat increased over time due to the steady increase in yields, suggesting that the need for soil mulching increases.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilized wheat yield averaged five times unfertilized control yield.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- fertilized treatmentse0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 5e0
- Comparator
- unfertilized control (CK)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On average, wheat and soybean yields were 5 and 2.5 times higher in the fertilized treatments than in the unfertilized control (CK), respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilized soybean yield averaged 2.5 times unfertilized control yield.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe0 - Treatment
- fertilized treatmentse0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 2.5e0
- Comparator
- unfertilized control (CK)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On average, wheat and soybean yields were 5 and 2.5 times higher in the fertilized treatments than in the unfertilized control (CK), respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Yields under fertilization increased over time.
Verbatim
e0“Yields of fertilized treatments increased and yields of CK decreased over time.”
t0“wheat-soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Unfertilized control yields decreased over time.
Verbatim
e0“Yields of fertilized treatments increased and yields of CK decreased over time.”
t0“wheat-soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK plus manure increased yield more than NPK alone.
Verbatim
e0“NPK + manure increased yields more than NPK alone or NPK + straw.”
t0“wheat-soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK plus manure increased yield more than NPK plus straw.
Verbatim
e0“NPK + manure increased yields more than NPK alone or NPK + straw.”
t0“wheat-soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attributed the additional manure yield effect to K and micronutrient availability.
Verbatim
e0“The additional effect of manure is likely due to increased availability of K and micronutrients.”
t0“wheat-soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Rainfall limited wheat yield.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- limitede0
- Setting
- North China Plaint0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wheat yields were limited by rainfall”
t0“North China Plain”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil mulching could increase wheat yield by 15%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wheat yields were limited by rainfall and can be increased through soil mulching (15%) or irrigation (35%).”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation could increase wheat yield by 35%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wheat yields were limited by rainfall and can be increased through soil mulching (15%) or irrigation (35%).”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined NPK and manure sustained high yields more effectively than recommended NPK.
Verbatim
e0“combined applications of fertilizer NPK and manure were more effective in sustaining high crop yields than recommended fertilizer NPK applications.”
t0“wheat-soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Manure led to strong NPK accumulation.
- Taxon
- wheat-soybeant0
- Treatment
- Manure applicationse0
- Outcome
- accumulation of NPKe0
- Direction
- strong accumulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Manure applications led to strong accumulation of NPK and relatively low NPK use efficiencies.”
t0“wheat-soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Manure led to relatively low NPK use efficiency.
- Taxon
- wheat-soybeant0
- Treatment
- Manure applicationse0
- Outcome
- NPK use efficienciese0
- Direction
- relatively lowe0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Manure applications led to strong accumulation of NPK and relatively low NPK use efficiencies.”
t0“wheat-soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat water deficiency increased over time as yields rose.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- Water deficiencye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- steady increase in yieldse0
- Setting
- North China Plaint0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water deficiency in wheat increased over time due to the steady increase in yields”
t0“North China Plain”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest increasing the use of soil mulching as water deficiency grows.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- need for soil mulchinge0
- Direction
- increasese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“suggesting that the need for soil mulching increases.”
t0“wheat-soybean”
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