Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effect of exogenous calcium and salicylic acid (SA) on Botrytis cinerea resistance in tomato seedlings. We treated a tomato strain susceptible to Botrytis cinerea with foliar spraying of water, SA, SA+CaCl2 and SA+EGTA (Ca2+ chelating agent) for one to five days. During the treatment, leaves were collected to analyze the reactive oxygen species (ROS) content, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity, chintase and β-1,3-glucanase levels, and the expression of pathogenesis related protein 1, 2, 3 (PR1, PR2, PR3). Three days after infection, the disease index was 74.8 in control plants, and 46.9, 38.5 and 70.3 in SA, SA+Ca and SA+ EGTA treated plants, respectively. SA treatment significantly increased ROS leaf accumulation, and activities of PAL, chintase and β-1,3-glucanase. These values were further enhanced in SA+Ca treated plants, but decreased in SA+EGTA treated plants. Application of SA significantly increased the expression levels of PR1, PR2a and PR3b, which were further elevated by the combination treatment with Ca2+. These effects were counteracted by the combination treatment of SA and EGTA. The transcription levels of PR2b and PR3a were up-regulated by 1-2 folds, and PR1, 2a and 3b by 2-5 folds in SA- and SA+Ca-treated plants relative to control. These data suggested that application of Ca2+ could synergistically increase SA-induced resistance to B. cinerea. The resistance was associated with ROS accumulation, therefore the increase in resistance might be through ROS ability to increase the activity of defense-related enzymes and expression levels of PR1, PR2a and PR3b.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
SA reduced the tomato disease index caused by Botrytis cinerea relative to control plants (46.9 vs 74.8).
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- SAe1
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinerea
Botrytis cinereat0pathogen - Outcome
- disease indexe1
- Direction
- lowerinferrede1
- Value
- 46.9e1
- Qualifier
- 74.8e1
- Comparator
- control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Synergistion mechanism of exogenous Ca2+ to SA-induced resistance to Botrytis cinerea in tomato”
e1“Three days after infection, the disease index was 74.8 in control plants, and 46.9, 38.5 and 70.3 in SA, SA+Ca and SA+ EGTA treated plants, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
SA+Ca reduced the tomato disease index caused by Botrytis cinerea relative to control plants (38.5 vs 74.8).
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- SA+Cae1
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinereaBotrytis cinereat0pathogen
- Outcome
- disease indexe1
- Direction
- lowerinferrede1
- Value
- 38.5e1
- Qualifier
- 74.8e1
- Comparator
- control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Synergistion mechanism of exogenous Ca2+ to SA-induced resistance to Botrytis cinerea in tomato”
e1“Three days after infection, the disease index was 74.8 in control plants, and 46.9, 38.5 and 70.3 in SA, SA+Ca and SA+ EGTA treated plants, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
SA+EGTA gave a tomato disease index of 70.3 against Botrytis cinerea, higher than in SA-treated plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- SA+EGTAe1
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinereaBotrytis cinereat0pathogen
- Outcome
- disease indexe1
- Value
- 70.3e1
- Comparator
- control plantse1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Synergistion mechanism of exogenous Ca2+ to SA-induced resistance to Botrytis cinerea in tomato”
e1“Three days after infection, the disease index was 74.8 in control plants, and 46.9, 38.5 and 70.3 in SA, SA+Ca and SA+ EGTA treated plants, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous Ca2+ synergistically increased SA-induced resistance of tomato to Botrytis cinerea.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- application of Ca2+e7
- Interactor
- B. cinereaBotrytis cinereae7pathogen
- Outcome
- resistance to B. cinereae7
- Direction
- increasee7
- Qualifier
- synergisticallye7
- Comparator
- SAe7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Synergistion mechanism of exogenous Ca2+ to SA-induced resistance to Botrytis cinerea in tomato”
e7“These data suggested that application of Ca2+ could synergistically increase SA-induced resistance to B. cinerea”
Claim · model-written summary
SA treatment significantly increased ROS leaf accumulation in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- SAe2
- Outcome
- ROS leaf accumulatione2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Synergistion mechanism of exogenous Ca2+ to SA-induced resistance to Botrytis cinerea in tomato”
e2“SA treatment significantly increased ROS leaf accumulation, and activities of PAL, chintase and β-1,3-glucanase”
Claim · model-written summary
SA treatment significantly increased the activities of PAL, chintase and β-1,3-glucanase in tomato leaves.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- SAe2
- Outcome
- activities of PAL, chintase and β-1,3-glucanasee2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Synergistion mechanism of exogenous Ca2+ to SA-induced resistance to Botrytis cinerea in tomato”
e2“SA treatment significantly increased ROS leaf accumulation, and activities of PAL, chintase and β-1,3-glucanase”
Claim · model-written summary
The SA+Ca combination further enhanced ROS leaf accumulation relative to SA.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- SA+Cae3
- Outcome
- ROS leaf accumulatione2
- Direction
- enhancede3
- Comparator
- SAe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Synergistion mechanism of exogenous Ca2+ to SA-induced resistance to Botrytis cinerea in tomato”
e2“SA treatment significantly increased ROS leaf accumulation, and activities of PAL, chintase and β-1,3-glucanase”
e3“These values were further enhanced in SA+Ca treated plants, but decreased in SA+EGTA treated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The SA+EGTA combination decreased ROS leaf accumulation relative to SA.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- SA+EGTAe3
- Outcome
- ROS leaf accumulatione2
- Direction
- decreasede3
- Comparator
- SAe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Synergistion mechanism of exogenous Ca2+ to SA-induced resistance to Botrytis cinerea in tomato”
e2“SA treatment significantly increased ROS leaf accumulation, and activities of PAL, chintase and β-1,3-glucanase”
e3“These values were further enhanced in SA+Ca treated plants, but decreased in SA+EGTA treated plants”
Claim · model-written summary
SA significantly increased expression of PR1, PR2a and PR3b in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- SAe4
- Gene
- PR1, PR2a and PR3be4
- Outcome
- expression levelse4
- Direction
- increasede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Synergistion mechanism of exogenous Ca2+ to SA-induced resistance to Botrytis cinerea in tomato”
e4“Application of SA significantly increased the expression levels of PR1, PR2a and PR3b, which were further elevated by the combination treatment with Ca2+”
Claim · model-written summary
The SA+Ca combination further elevated expression of PR1, PR2a and PR3b relative to SA.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- combination treatment with Ca2+e4
- Gene
- PR1, PR2a and PR3be4
- Outcome
- expression levelse4
- Direction
- elevatede4
- Comparator
- SAe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Synergistion mechanism of exogenous Ca2+ to SA-induced resistance to Botrytis cinerea in tomato”
e4“Application of SA significantly increased the expression levels of PR1, PR2a and PR3b, which were further elevated by the combination treatment with Ca2+”
Claim · model-written summary
The SA+EGTA combination counteracted the SA-induced increase in PR expression in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- combination treatment of SA and EGTAe5
- Gene
- PR1, PR2a and PR3be4
- Outcome
- expression levelse4
- Direction
- counteractede5
- Comparator
- SAe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Synergistion mechanism of exogenous Ca2+ to SA-induced resistance to Botrytis cinerea in tomato”
e4“Application of SA significantly increased the expression levels of PR1, PR2a and PR3b, which were further elevated by the combination treatment with Ca2+”
e5“These effects were counteracted by the combination treatment of SA and EGTA”
Claim · model-written summary
SA- and SA+Ca-treated tomato plants showed PR2b and PR3a transcription up-regulated 1-2 folds relative to control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- SA- and SA+Ca-treatede6
- Gene
- PR2b and PR3ae6
- Outcome
- transcription levelse6
- Direction
- up-regulatede6
- Value
- 1-2 foldse6
- Comparator
- controle6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Synergistion mechanism of exogenous Ca2+ to SA-induced resistance to Botrytis cinerea in tomato”
e6“The transcription levels of PR2b and PR3a were up-regulated by 1-2 folds, and PR1, 2a and 3b by 2-5 folds in SA- and SA+Ca-treated plants relative to control”
Claim · model-written summary
SA- and SA+Ca-treated tomato plants showed PR1, PR2a and PR3b transcription up-regulated 2-5 folds relative to control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- SA- and SA+Ca-treatede6
- Gene
- PR1, 2a and 3be6
- Outcome
- transcription levelse6
- Direction
- up-regulatede6
- Value
- 2-5 foldse6
- Comparator
- controle6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Synergistion mechanism of exogenous Ca2+ to SA-induced resistance to Botrytis cinerea in tomato”
e6“The transcription levels of PR2b and PR3a were up-regulated by 1-2 folds, and PR1, 2a and 3b by 2-5 folds in SA- and SA+Ca-treated plants relative to control”
Claim · model-written summary
Resistance of tomato to Botrytis cinerea was associated with ROS accumulation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Compound
- ROSe6
- Outcome
- resistancee6
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Synergistion mechanism of exogenous Ca2+ to SA-induced resistance to Botrytis cinerea in tomato”
e6“The resistance was associated with ROS accumulation”
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8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.