Abstract
Cynara cardunculus L., known as cynara for industrial application, is a versatile plant for Mediterranean regions. Irrigation with non-conventional salty water sources is a common practice in these water-scarce regions. However, the research performed on cynara salt-stress response is limited and solely tested under soilless conditions. Thereby, the aims of the current experiment were to ascertain the effect of saline irrigation on cynara growth and mineral nutrition in Mediterranean soils. The influence of soil was considered using two typical agricultural soils, mainly differing in their salinity status. Plants were grown under controlled conditions from November until July in pots filled with soil amended with sewage sludge compost. Three saline irrigation treatments were applied (0.7, 2, and 3 dS·m −1 ) with increasing concentrations of NaCl (4, 13, and 23 mM). Saline irrigation started in January and ended in June. Plants growth parameters (height, dry biomass, heads number, seed yield) declined with saline irrigation. Aboveground dry biomass of plants irrigated with 3 dS·m −1 was reduced approximately one-third regarding the control value, whereas seed yield was reduced in 57%. Despite growth reduction induced by salinity, no symptoms of nutritional deficiency were observed in leaves. Saline irrigation was the main driving factor regarding cynara mineral concentration, except for potassium (K) and manganese (Mn), which were related to soil type. Chlorine (Cl) and sodium (Na) concentration increased at the whole-plant level, whereas magnesium (Mg) showed the opposing trend. Similar trends were observed in the mineral content of cynara aboveground biomass. Interaction effects between soil type and saline irrigation were marginal. Cynara exhibited high K selectivity, which might be associated with a mechanism of salt tolerance, whereas Mg is suggested as a potential indicator of salt stress in cynara plants grown in calcareous Mediterranean soils. We concluded that cynara growth and mineral nutrition were mainly affected by saline irrigation, probably as a result of the accumulation of Na and Cl.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Saline irrigation reduced cynara height and head number.
- Taxon
- Cynara cardunculus L.
Cynara cardunculust0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants growth parameters (height, dry biomass, heads number, seed yield) declined with saline irrigation.”
e1“the effect of saline irrigation on cynara growth and mineral nutrition in Mediterranean soils”
t0“Cynara cardunculus L.”
Claim · model-written summary
At 3 dS·m −1 irrigation, aboveground dry biomass was about one-third below the control.
- Taxon
- Cynara cardunculus L.Cynara cardunculust0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Aboveground dry biomass of plants irrigated with 3 dS·m −1 was reduced approximately one-third regarding the control value”
e1“the effect of saline irrigation on cynara growth and mineral nutrition in Mediterranean soils”
t0“Cynara cardunculus L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Saline irrigation reduced seed yield by 57%.
- Taxon
- Cynara cardunculus L.Cynara cardunculust0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“whereas seed yield was reduced in 57%”
e1“the effect of saline irrigation on cynara growth and mineral nutrition in Mediterranean soils”
t0“Cynara cardunculus L.”
Claim · model-written summary
No nutritional deficiency symptoms were observed in leaves despite saline growth reduction.
- Taxon
- Cynara cardunculus L.Cynara cardunculust0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Despite growth reduction induced by salinity, no symptoms of nutritional deficiency were observed in leaves.”
e1“the effect of saline irrigation on cynara growth and mineral nutrition in Mediterranean soils”
t0“Cynara cardunculus L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Saline irrigation was the principal driver of cynara mineral concentration.
- Taxon
- Cynara cardunculus L.Cynara cardunculust0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Saline irrigation was the main driving factor regarding cynara mineral concentration”
e1“the effect of saline irrigation on cynara growth and mineral nutrition in Mediterranean soils”
t0“Cynara cardunculus L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium concentration was related to soil type.
- Taxon
- Cynara cardunculus L.Cynara cardunculust0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“except for potassium (K) and manganese (Mn), which were related to soil type”
e1“the effect of saline irrigation on cynara growth and mineral nutrition in Mediterranean soils”
t0“Cynara cardunculus L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Manganese concentration was related to soil type.
- Taxon
- Cynara cardunculus L.Cynara cardunculust0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“except for potassium (K) and manganese (Mn), which were related to soil type”
e1“the effect of saline irrigation on cynara growth and mineral nutrition in Mediterranean soils”
t0“Cynara cardunculus L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Whole-plant chlorine concentration increased under saline irrigation.
- Taxon
- Cynara cardunculus L.Cynara cardunculust0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chlorine (Cl) and sodium (Na) concentration increased at the whole-plant level”
e1“the effect of saline irrigation on cynara growth and mineral nutrition in Mediterranean soils”
t0“Cynara cardunculus L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Whole-plant sodium concentration increased under saline irrigation.
- Taxon
- Cynara cardunculus L.Cynara cardunculust0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chlorine (Cl) and sodium (Na) concentration increased at the whole-plant level”
e1“the effect of saline irrigation on cynara growth and mineral nutrition in Mediterranean soils”
t0“Cynara cardunculus L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Magnesium concentration decreased under saline irrigation.
- Taxon
- Cynara cardunculus L.Cynara cardunculust0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“whereas magnesium (Mg) showed the opposing trend”
e1“the effect of saline irrigation on cynara growth and mineral nutrition in Mediterranean soils”
t0“Cynara cardunculus L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Aboveground biomass mineral content showed similar trends to whole-plant concentrations.
- Taxon
- Cynara cardunculus L.Cynara cardunculust0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Similar trends were observed in the mineral content of cynara aboveground biomass.”
e1“the effect of saline irrigation on cynara growth and mineral nutrition in Mediterranean soils”
t0“Cynara cardunculus L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil type by saline-irrigation interactions were marginal.
- Taxon
- Cynara cardunculus L.Cynara cardunculust0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Interaction effects between soil type and saline irrigation were marginal.”
e1“the effect of saline irrigation on cynara growth and mineral nutrition in Mediterranean soils”
t0“Cynara cardunculus L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cynara exhibited high potassium selectivity, proposed as part of salt tolerance.
- Taxon
- Cynara cardunculus L.Cynara cardunculust0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cynara exhibited high K selectivity, which might be associated with a mechanism of salt tolerance”
e1“the effect of saline irrigation on cynara growth and mineral nutrition in Mediterranean soils”
t0“Cynara cardunculus L.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest Mg as an indicator of cynara salt stress in calcareous Mediterranean soils.
CynaraOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mg is suggested as a potential indicator of salt stress in cynara plants grown in calcareous Mediterranean soils”
e1“the effect of saline irrigation on cynara growth and mineral nutrition in Mediterranean soils”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors attribute growth and mineral nutrition responses mainly to saline irrigation and probable Na and Cl accumulation.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cynara growth and mineral nutrition were mainly affected by saline irrigation, probably as a result of the accumulation of Na and Cl”
e1“the effect of saline irrigation on cynara growth and mineral nutrition in Mediterranean soils”
The same questions in other papers
irrigation · yield · Cynara cardunculus (cardoon)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 7 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
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See all 10 papers →salinity · yield · Cynara cardunculus (cardoon)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
- negative
- negative
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.