Abstract
Weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.) competes aggressively with rice, reducing yields and grain quality. ClearfieldTM rice, is nontransgenic herbicide-resistant (HR) rice introduced in 2002 to control weedy rice, has resulted in ALS-resistant weedy rice due to gene flow. Volunteers of ClearfieldTM rice (F2) accelerate the HR weedy rice evolution by acting as agents of gene flow. Weedy rice (89) collected from 11 counties in Arkansas were screened for resistance in a field experiment in Stuttgart (2011). Seventy-nine percent of accessions were resistant to imazethapyr and harbored S653N mutation. These HR weedy accessions were outcrosses of ClearfieldTM rice and weedy rice. Out of 727 characterized plants, nearly 70% of the HR weedy rice flowered at the same time as that of ClearfieldTM rice with greatly reduced seed shattering in progenies of some accessions (15 to 87%). Kernels of 20% of the parent accessions had segregating white and red bran color. Two of these parent accessions (goldhull) were homozygous for white bran, with 100% white-bran progenies. Winter-flood reduced the germination of rice seed by 40-50% after 130-160 d of burial. Hybrid rice seed had higher capability to survive the winter (13-53% viability) than inbred rice seed (8-27%). Therefore, hybrid rice is expected to leave more volunteer rice in the field than inbred rice. Fields with cropping history of hybrid rice had higher volunteer rice infestation (20%) than fields planted only with inbred rice (5.6%). The total grain yield of rice was reduced by 0.4% for every 1% increase in volunteer rice density, averaged over cultivars. The 1000-kernel weight, kernel length-width ratio, %protein, %amylose, and head rice yield were affected by volunteer rice density. Various herbicides were tested for efficacy on volunteer rice at SEREC, Rohwer and RREC, Stuttgart, Arkansas. Application of pyroxasulfone (0.12 kg ha-1) in the fall fb 2,4-D (1.12 kg ha-1) 35 d pre-plant caused minimal (6%) crop injury and did not reduce yield. This treatment resulted in better control of volunteer rice (73%) than pyroxasulfone alone at 0.12 kg ha-1 applied in fall (64%). Pyroxasulfone is not currently labeled for fall application prior to rice planting in the spring.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Seventy-nine percent of weedy rice accessions were resistant to imazethapyr.
- Taxon
- Weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Oryza sativae0 - Compound
- imazethapyre1
- Outcome
- resistant to imazethapyre1
- Value
- Seventy-nine percente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.) competes aggressively with rice”
e1“Seventy-nine percent of accessions were resistant to imazethapyr and harbored S653N mutation”
Claim · model-written summary
Accessions resistant to imazethapyr harbored the S653N mutation.
- Taxon
- Weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.)Oryza sativae0
- Gene
- S653Ne1
- Outcome
- harbored S653N mutatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.) competes aggressively with rice”
e1“Seventy-nine percent of accessions were resistant to imazethapyr and harbored S653N mutation”
Claim · model-written summary
The herbicide-resistant weedy rice accessions were outcrosses of ClearfieldTM rice and weedy rice.
Verbatim
e2“These HR weedy accessions were outcrosses of ClearfieldTM rice and weedy rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Nearly 70% of herbicide-resistant weedy rice flowered at the same time as ClearfieldTM rice.
- Taxon
- Weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.)Oryza sativae0
- Outcome
- flowered at the same timee3
- Value
- nearly 70%e3
- Comparator
- ClearfieldTM ricee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.) competes aggressively with rice”
e3“Out of 727 characterized plants, nearly 70% of the HR weedy rice flowered at the same time as that of ClearfieldTM rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed shattering was greatly reduced in progenies of some herbicide-resistant weedy rice accessions (15 to 87%).
- Taxon
- Weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.)Oryza sativae0
- Outcome
- seed shatteringe4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Value
- 15 to 87%e4
- Qualifier
- progenies of some accessionse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.) competes aggressively with rice”
e4“with greatly reduced seed shattering in progenies of some accessions (15 to 87%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Kernels of 20% of the parent accessions had segregating white and red bran color.
- Taxon
- Weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.)Oryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- Kernelse5
- Outcome
- segregating white and red bran colore5
- Value
- 20%e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.) competes aggressively with rice”
e5“Kernels of 20% of the parent accessions had segregating white and red bran color”
Claim · model-written summary
Two goldhull parent accessions were homozygous for white bran and gave 100% white-bran progenies.
- Taxon
- Weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.)Oryza sativae0
- Material
- goldhulle6
- Outcome
- homozygous for white brane6
- Value
- 100%e6
- Qualifier
- with 100% white-bran progeniese6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.) competes aggressively with rice”
e6“Two of these parent accessions (goldhull) were homozygous for white bran, with 100% white-bran progenies”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter flooding reduced the germination of rice seed by 40-50% after 130-160 d of burial.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae7
- Treatment
- Winter-floode7
- Outcome
- germination of rice seede7
- Direction
- reducede7
- Value
- 40-50%e7
- Qualifier
- after 130-160 d of buriale7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Winter-flood reduced the germination of rice seed by 40-50% after 130-160 d of burial”
Claim · model-written summary
Hybrid rice seed had a higher capability to survive the winter (13-53% viability) than inbred rice seed (8-27%).
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- Hybrid rice seede1
- Outcome
- capability to survive the wintere1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 13-53%e1
- Qualifier
- (8-27%)e1
- Comparator
- inbred rice seede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Hybrid rice seed had higher capability to survive the winter (13-53% viability) than inbred rice seed (8-27%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Hybrid rice is expected to leave more volunteer rice in the field than inbred rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- hybrid ricee1
- Outcome
- more volunteer ricee1
- Direction
- moree1
- Comparator
- inbred ricee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Therefore, hybrid rice is expected to leave more volunteer rice in the field than inbred rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Fields with a cropping history of hybrid rice had higher volunteer rice infestation (20%) than fields planted only with inbred rice (5.6%).
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- cropping history of hybrid ricee1
- Outcome
- volunteer rice infestatione1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 20%e1
- Qualifier
- (5.6%)e1
- Comparator
- fields planted only with inbred ricee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Fields with cropping history of hybrid rice had higher volunteer rice infestation (20%) than fields planted only with inbred rice (5.6%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Total grain yield of rice was reduced by 0.4% for every 1% increase in volunteer rice density.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Interactor
- volunteer ricee1weed
- Outcome
- total grain yielde1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 0.4%e1
- Qualifier
- for every 1% increase in volunteer rice densitye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The total grain yield of rice was reduced by 0.4% for every 1% increase in volunteer rice density, averaged over cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
The 1000-kernel weight, kernel length-width ratio and %protein of rice were affected by volunteer rice density.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Interactor
- volunteer ricee1weed
- Outcome
- 1000-kernel weight, kernel length-width ratio, %proteine1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The 1000-kernel weight, kernel length-width ratio, %protein, %amylose, and head rice yield were affected by volunteer rice density”
Claim · model-written summary
The %amylose and head rice yield of rice were affected by volunteer rice density.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Interactor
- volunteer ricee1weed
- Outcome
- %amylose, and head rice yielde1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The 1000-kernel weight, kernel length-width ratio, %protein, %amylose, and head rice yield were affected by volunteer rice density”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyroxasulfone applied in the fall followed by 2,4-D caused minimal (6%) crop injury.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Application of pyroxasulfone (0.12 kg ha-1) in the fall fb 2,4-D (1.12 kg ha-1)e1
- Outcome
- crop injurye1
- Direction
- minimale1
- Value
- 6%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.) competes aggressively with rice”
e1“Application of pyroxasulfone (0.12 kg ha-1) in the fall fb 2,4-D (1.12 kg ha-1) 35 d pre-plant caused minimal (6%) crop injury and did not reduce yield”
Claim · model-written summary
The fall pyroxasulfone plus 2,4-D treatment did not reduce rice yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Application of pyroxasulfone (0.12 kg ha-1) in the fall fb 2,4-D (1.12 kg ha-1)e1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- did not reducee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.) competes aggressively with rice”
e1“Application of pyroxasulfone (0.12 kg ha-1) in the fall fb 2,4-D (1.12 kg ha-1) 35 d pre-plant caused minimal (6%) crop injury and did not reduce yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Fall pyroxasulfone plus 2,4-D gave better control of volunteer rice (73%) than pyroxasulfone alone (64%).
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Application of pyroxasulfone (0.12 kg ha-1) in the fall fb 2,4-D (1.12 kg ha-1)e1
- Interactor
- volunteer ricee2weed
- Outcome
- control of volunteer ricee2
- Direction
- bettere2
- Value
- 73%e2
- Qualifier
- applied in fall (64%)e2
- Comparator
- pyroxasulfone alone at 0.12 kg ha-1e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.) competes aggressively with rice”
e1“Application of pyroxasulfone (0.12 kg ha-1) in the fall fb 2,4-D (1.12 kg ha-1) 35 d pre-plant caused minimal (6%) crop injury and did not reduce yield”
e2“This treatment resulted in better control of volunteer rice (73%) than pyroxasulfone alone at 0.12 kg ha-1 applied in fall (64%)”
The same questions in other papers
2,4-D · control · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
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- negative
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2,4-D · crop injury · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
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pyroxasulfone · crop injury · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
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See all 5 papers →2,4-D · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
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See all 62 papers →pyroxasulfone · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
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pyroxasulfone · control · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.