Abstract
The partial sterilization of soil eliminates useful microorganisms, resulting in the reduced growth of mycorrhizae-dependent citrus plants, which are often unresponsive to the application of fertilizer. Research was conducted to test the hypothesis that indigenous mycorrhizae (IM) inoculation is as efficient as selected mycorrhizal inoculation under sterile and non-sterile soil conditions. Rhizophagus clarus and indigenous mycorrhiza spores, isolated from citrus orchards, were used as arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi under greenhouse conditions with sterile and non-sterile Çanakçi series (Typic xerofluvent) soils with low phosphorus (P) fertility. Different P (0 and 100 mg kg−1) and zinc (Zn) (0, 5 and 10 mg kg−1) concentrations were used at the start of the experiments. The shoot, root dry weight (RDW), root colonization, and P, Zn, iron (Fe), copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn) concentrations of the shoot were determined; mycorrhizae dependency (MD) was also calculated.The results indicate that R. clarus and indigenous mycorrhiza in sterile and non-sterile soil conditions considerably increased the growth of citrus plants. Owing to existing beneficial indigenous rhizosphere microorganisms, citrus plant growth without inoculation was better in non-sterile soils than in the sterile soils. In non-sterilized soil, the plant growth parameters of R. clarus-inoculated soils were higher than those of indigenous mycorrhiza-inoculated soils. Mycorrhizae infection increased certain citrus plant growth parameters, such as root infection, biomass and nutrient uptake (P, Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu). In sterile soil, the addition of up to 5 mg kg−1 soil Zn and the inoculation of R. clarus significantly increased plant growth; inoculation with indigenous mycorrhiza produced more dry weight upon the addition of up to 100 mg kg−1 phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5). Under sterile soil conditions, without considering fertilizer addition, MD was found to be higher than that of non-sterile soils. In general, the contribution of the indigenous soil spores is significant. However, indigenous soil mycorrhizae may need to be managed for better efficiency in increasing plant growth and nutrient uptake. The major finding was that the inoculation of citrus seedlings with mycorrhiza is necessary under both sterilized and non-sterilized soil conditions.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizophagus clarus inoculation increased citrus growth in sterile and non-sterile soil.
- Taxon
- Sour Orange ( Citrus Aurantium L.)
Citrus ×aurantiumt0 - Treatment
- R. claruse0
- Interactor
- R. clarusRhizophagus claruse0symbiont
- Outcome
- growth of citrus plantse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- sterile and non-sterile soil conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sour Orange ( Citrus Aurantium L.)”
e0“R. clarus and indigenous mycorrhiza in sterile and non-sterile soil conditions considerably increased the growth of citrus plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Indigenous mycorrhiza inoculation increased citrus growth in sterile and non-sterile soil.
- Taxon
- Sour Orange ( Citrus Aurantium L.)Citrus ×aurantiumt0
- Treatment
- indigenous mycorrhizae0
- Interactor
- indigenous mycorrhizae0symbiont
- Outcome
- growth of citrus plantse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- sterile and non-sterile soil conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sour Orange ( Citrus Aurantium L.)”
e0“R. clarus and indigenous mycorrhiza in sterile and non-sterile soil conditions considerably increased the growth of citrus plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Without inoculation citrus grew better in non-sterile than sterile soil.
- Taxon
- Sour Orange ( Citrus Aurantium L.)Citrus ×aurantiumt0
- Treatment
- non-sterile soilse0
- Outcome
- citrus plant growthe0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Qualifier
- without inoculatione0
- Comparator
- sterile soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sour Orange ( Citrus Aurantium L.)”
e0“citrus plant growth without inoculation was better in non-sterile soils than in the sterile soils.”
Claim · model-written summary
In non-sterilized soil, R. clarus inoculation produced higher citrus growth parameters than indigenous mycorrhiza inoculation.
- Taxon
- Sour Orange ( Citrus Aurantium L.)Citrus ×aurantiumt0
- Treatment
- R. clarus-inoculated soilse0
- Interactor
- R. clarusRhizophagus claruse0symbiont
- Outcome
- plant growth parameterse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- non-sterilized soile0
- Comparator
- indigenous mycorrhiza-inoculated soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sour Orange ( Citrus Aurantium L.)”
e0“In non-sterilized soil, the plant growth parameters of R. clarus-inoculated soils were higher than those of indigenous mycorrhiza-inoculated soils.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal infection increased citrus root infection and biomass.
- Taxon
- Sour Orange ( Citrus Aurantium L.)Citrus ×aurantiumt0
- Treatment
- Mycorrhizae infectione0
- Interactor
- Mycorrhizaee0symbiont
- Outcome
- root infection, biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sour Orange ( Citrus Aurantium L.)”
e0“Mycorrhizae infection increased certain citrus plant growth parameters, such as root infection, biomass and nutrient uptake (P, Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu).”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal infection increased citrus uptake of P, Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu.
- Taxon
- Sour Orange ( Citrus Aurantium L.)Citrus ×aurantiumt0
- Treatment
- Mycorrhizae infectione0
- Interactor
- Mycorrhizaee0symbiont
- Outcome
- nutrient uptake (P, Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sour Orange ( Citrus Aurantium L.)”
e0“Mycorrhizae infection increased certain citrus plant growth parameters, such as root infection, biomass and nutrient uptake (P, Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu).”
Claim · model-written summary
In sterile soil, zinc addition up to 5 mg kg−1 increased citrus growth significantly.
- Taxon
- Sour Orange ( Citrus Aurantium L.)Citrus ×aurantiumt0
- Treatment
- addition of up to 5 mg kg−1 soil Zne0
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- sterile soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sour Orange ( Citrus Aurantium L.)”
e0“In sterile soil, the addition of up to 5 mg kg−1 soil Zn and the inoculation of R. clarus significantly increased plant growth”
Claim · model-written summary
In sterile soil, R. clarus inoculation increased citrus growth significantly.
- Taxon
- Sour Orange ( Citrus Aurantium L.)Citrus ×aurantiumt0
- Treatment
- inoculation of R. claruse0
- Interactor
- R. clarusRhizophagus claruse0symbiont
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- sterile soile0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sour Orange ( Citrus Aurantium L.)”
e0“In sterile soil, the addition of up to 5 mg kg−1 soil Zn and the inoculation of R. clarus significantly increased plant growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Indigenous mycorrhiza inoculation produced more citrus dry weight with up to 100 mg kg−1 phosphorus pentoxide.
- Taxon
- Sour Orange ( Citrus Aurantium L.)Citrus ×aurantiumt0
- Treatment
- inoculation with indigenous mycorrhizae0
- Interactor
- indigenous mycorrhizae0symbiont
- Outcome
- dry weighte0
- Direction
- moree0
- Qualifier
- addition of up to 100 mg kg−1 phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sour Orange ( Citrus Aurantium L.)”
e0“inoculation with indigenous mycorrhiza produced more dry weight upon the addition of up to 100 mg kg−1 phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5).”
Claim · model-written summary
Mycorrhizal dependency was higher in sterile than non-sterile soil regardless of fertilizer addition.
- Taxon
- Sour Orange ( Citrus Aurantium L.)Citrus ×aurantiumt0
- Treatment
- sterile soil conditionse0
- Outcome
- MDe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- without considering fertilizer additione0
- Comparator
- non-sterile soilse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sour Orange ( Citrus Aurantium L.)”
e0“Under sterile soil conditions, without considering fertilizer addition, MD was found to be higher than that of non-sterile soils.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend mycorrhizal inoculation of citrus seedlings in both sterile and non-sterile soil.
- Taxon
- Sour Orange ( Citrus Aurantium L.)Citrus ×aurantiumt0
- Outcome
- inoculation of citrus seedlings with mycorrhizae0
- Qualifier
- both sterilized and non-sterilized soil conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sour Orange ( Citrus Aurantium L.)”
e0“the inoculation of citrus seedlings with mycorrhiza is necessary under both sterilized and non-sterilized soil conditions.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend managing indigenous soil mycorrhizae to improve growth and nutrient uptake.
- Taxon
- Sour Orange ( Citrus Aurantium L.)Citrus ×aurantiumt0
- Interactor
- indigenous soil mycorrhizaee0symbiont
- Outcome
- managed for better efficiency in increasing plant growth and nutrient uptakee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Sour Orange ( Citrus Aurantium L.)”
e0“indigenous soil mycorrhizae may need to be managed for better efficiency in increasing plant growth and nutrient uptake.”
The same questions in other papers
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infection · nutrient: content · Citrus x aurantium (sour orange)Positive and negative results
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mycorrhiza · growth · Citrus x aurantium (sour orange)Positive and negative results
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See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.