Abstract
Mitochondria and autophagy play important roles in the networks that regulate plant leaf senescence and cell death. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the interactions between mitochondrial signaling and autophagy are currently not well understood. This study characterized the function of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mitochondrial AAA-protease gene FtSH4 in regulating autophagy and senescence, finding that FtSH4 mediates WRKY-dependent salicylic acid (SA) accumulation and signaling. Knockout of FtSH4 in the ftsh4-4 mutant resulted in severe leaf senescence, cell death, and high autophagy levels. The level of SA increased dramatically in the ftsh4-4 mutant. Expression of nahG in the ftsh4-4 mutant led to decreased SA levels and suppressed the leaf senescence and cell death phenotypes. The transcript levels of several SA synthesis and signaling genes, including SALICYLIC ACID INDUCTION DEFICIENT2 (SID2), NON-RACE-SPECIFIC DISEASE RESISTANCE1 (NDR1), and NONEXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED PROTEINS1 (NPR1), increased significantly in the ftsh4-4 mutants compared with the wild type. Loss of function of SID2, NDR1, or NPR1 in the ftsh4-4 mutant reversed the ftsh4-4 senescence and autophagy phenotypes. Furthermore, ftsh4-4 mutants had elevated levels of transcripts of several WRKY genes, including WRKY40, WRKY46, WRKY51, WRKY60, WRKY63, and WRKY75; all of these WRKY proteins can bind to the promoter of SID2. Loss of function of WRKY75 in the ftsh4-4 mutants decreased the levels of SA and reversed the senescence phenotype. Taken together, these results suggest that the mitochondrial ATP-dependent protease FtSH4 may regulate the expression of WRKY genes by modifying the level of reactive oxygen species and the WRKY transcription factors that control SA synthesis and signaling in autophagy and senescence.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
FtSH4 was found to mediate WRKY-dependent salicylic acid accumulation and signaling.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsist0 - Gene
- FtSH4e0
- Outcome
- salicylic acid (SA) accumulation and signalinge0
- Qualifier
- WRKY-dependente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“FtSH4 mediates WRKY-dependent salicylic acid (SA) accumulation and signaling”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
FtSH4 knockout caused severe leaf senescence and cell death.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- ftsh4-4 mutante0
- Treatment
- Knockout of FtSH4e0
- Gene
- FtSH4e0
- Outcome
- severe leaf senescence, cell deathe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Knockout of FtSH4 in the ftsh4-4 mutant resulted in severe leaf senescence, cell death, and high autophagy levels”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
FtSH4 knockout produced high autophagy levels.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- ftsh4-4 mutante0
- Treatment
- Knockout of FtSH4e0
- Gene
- FtSH4e0
- Outcome
- autophagy levelse0
- Direction
- highe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Knockout of FtSH4 in the ftsh4-4 mutant resulted in severe leaf senescence, cell death, and high autophagy levels”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid levels increased dramatically in the ftsh4-4 mutant.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- ftsh4-4 mutante0
- Outcome
- level of SAe0
- Direction
- increased dramaticallye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The level of SA increased dramatically in the ftsh4-4 mutant”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
nahG expression decreased SA levels in the ftsh4-4 mutant.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- ftsh4-4 mutante0
- Treatment
- Expression of nahGe0
- Gene
- nahGe0
- Outcome
- SA levelse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Expression of nahG in the ftsh4-4 mutant led to decreased SA levels and suppressed the leaf senescence and cell death phenotypes”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
nahG expression suppressed leaf senescence and cell death in ftsh4-4.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- ftsh4-4 mutante0
- Treatment
- Expression of nahGe0
- Gene
- nahGe0
- Outcome
- leaf senescence and cell death phenotypese0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Expression of nahG in the ftsh4-4 mutant led to decreased SA levels and suppressed the leaf senescence and cell death phenotypes”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
SA synthesis and signaling gene transcripts increased significantly in ftsh4-4 relative to wild type.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- ftsh4-4 mutantse0
- Outcome
- transcript levels of several SA synthesis and signaling genese0
- Direction
- increased significantlye0
- Comparator
- wild typee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The transcript levels of several SA synthesis and signaling genes, including SALICYLIC ACID INDUCTION DEFICIENT2 (SID2), NON-RACE-SPECIFIC DISEASE RESISTANCE1 (NDR1), and NONEXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED PROTEINS1 (NPR1), increased significantly in the ftsh4-4 mutants compared with the wild type”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Loss of SID2, NDR1 or NPR1 function reversed the ftsh4-4 senescence phenotype.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- ftsh4-4 mutante0
- Treatment
- Loss of function of SID2, NDR1, or NPR1e0
- Outcome
- ftsh4-4 senescencee0
- Direction
- reversede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Loss of function of SID2, NDR1, or NPR1 in the ftsh4-4 mutant reversed the ftsh4-4 senescence and autophagy phenotypes”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Loss of SID2, NDR1 or NPR1 function reversed the ftsh4-4 autophagy phenotype.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- ftsh4-4 mutante0
- Treatment
- Loss of function of SID2, NDR1, or NPR1e0
- Outcome
- autophagy phenotypese0
- Direction
- reversede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Loss of function of SID2, NDR1, or NPR1 in the ftsh4-4 mutant reversed the ftsh4-4 senescence and autophagy phenotypes”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Transcripts of WRKY40, WRKY46, WRKY51, WRKY60, WRKY63 and WRKY75 were elevated in ftsh4-4.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- ftsh4-4 mutantse0
- Outcome
- levels of transcripts of several WRKY genese0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ftsh4-4 mutants had elevated levels of transcripts of several WRKY genes, including WRKY40, WRKY46, WRKY51, WRKY60, WRKY63, and WRKY75”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
The listed WRKY proteins bound the SID2 promoter.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- WRKY proteinse0
- Outcome
- bind to the promoter of SID2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all of these WRKY proteins can bind to the promoter of SID2”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
WRKY75 loss of function lowered SA levels in ftsh4-4.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- ftsh4-4 mutantse0
- Treatment
- Loss of function of WRKY75e0
- Outcome
- levels of SAe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Loss of function of WRKY75 in the ftsh4-4 mutants decreased the levels of SA and reversed the senescence phenotype”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
WRKY75 loss of function reversed senescence in ftsh4-4.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- ftsh4-4 mutantse0
- Treatment
- Loss of function of WRKY75e0
- Outcome
- senescence phenotypee0
- Direction
- reversede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Loss of function of WRKY75 in the ftsh4-4 mutants decreased the levels of SA and reversed the senescence phenotype”
t0“Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest FtSH4 may regulate WRKY expression through reactive oxygen species to control SA synthesis and signaling in autophagy and senescence.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- FtSH4e0
- Outcome
- expression of WRKY genese0
- Qualifier
- modifying the level of reactive oxygen speciese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“FtSH4 may regulate the expression of WRKY genes by modifying the level of reactive oxygen species and the WRKY transcription factors that control SA synthesis and signaling in autophagy and senescence”
t0“Arabidopsis”
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