Abstract
Plants of the Allium genus produce sulphur compounds that give them a characteristic (alliaceous) flavour and mediate for their medicinal use. In this study, the chemical composition and antimicrobial properties of Allium cepa red cv. and A. sativum in the context of three different drying processes were assessed using metabolomics. Bulbs were dried using either microwave, air drying, or freeze drying and further subjected to chemical analysis of their composition of volatile and non-volatile metabolites. Volatiles were collected using solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) coupled to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) with 42 identified volatiles including 30 sulphur compounds, four nitriles, three aromatics, and three esters. Profiling of the polar non-volatile metabolites via ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution MS (UPLC/MS) annotated 51 metabolites including dipeptides, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and fatty acids. Major peaks in GC/MS or UPLC/MS contributing to the discrimination between A. sativum and A. cepa red cv. were assigned to sulphur compounds and flavonoids. Whereas sulphur conjugates amounted to the major forms in A. sativum, flavonoids predominated in the chemical composition of A. cepa red cv. With regard to drying impact on Allium metabolites, notable and clear separations among specimens were revealed using principal component analysis (PCA). The PCA scores plot of the UPLC/MS dataset showed closer metabolite composition of microwave dried specimens to freeze dried ones, and distant from air dried bulbs, observed in both A. cepa and A. sativum. Compared to GC/MS, the UPLC/MS derived PCA model was more consistent and better in assessing the impact of drying on Allium metabolism. A phthalate derivative was found exclusively in a commercial garlic preparation via GC/MS, of yet unknown origin. The freeze dried samples of both Allium species exhibited stronger antimicrobial activities compared to dried specimens with A. sativum being in general more active than A. cepa red cv.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
GC/MS identified 42 volatiles in Allium bulbs, including 30 sulfur compounds.
- Taxon
- Allium cepa Red cv. and A. sativum
Allium cepat0 - Outcome
- identified volatilese0
- Value
- 42e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“42 identified volatiles including 30 sulphur compounds, four nitriles, three aromatics, and three esters.”
t0“Allium cepa Red cv. and A. sativum”
Claim · model-written summary
UPLC/MS annotated 51 polar nonvolatile metabolites in Allium bulbs.
- Taxon
- Allium cepa Red cv. and A. sativumAllium cepat0
- Outcome
- metabolitese0
- Value
- 51e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“annotated 51 metabolites including dipeptides, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and fatty acids.”
t0“Allium cepa Red cv. and A. sativum”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfur compounds and flavonoids discriminated garlic from red onion.
- Taxon
- A. sativum and A. cepa red cv.Allium cepa
Allium sativume0 - Outcome
- discriminatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Major peaks in GC/MS or UPLC/MS contributing to the discrimination between A. sativum and A. cepa red cv. were assigned to sulphur compounds and flavonoids.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfur conjugates predominated in garlic.
- Taxon
- A. sativumAllium sativume0
- Outcome
- sulphur conjugatese0
- Direction
- major formse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sulphur conjugates amounted to the major forms in A. sativum”
Claim · model-written summary
Flavonoids predominated in red onion composition.
- Taxon
- A. cepa red cv.Allium cepae0
- Outcome
- flavonoidse0
- Direction
- predominatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“flavonoids predominated in the chemical composition of A. cepa red cv.”
Claim · model-written summary
Metabolite profiles separated by drying process in PCA.
- Taxon
- Allium cepa Red cv. and A. sativumAllium cepat0
- Outcome
- separations among specimense0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“notable and clear separations among specimens were revealed using principal component analysis (PCA)”
t0“Allium cepa Red cv. and A. sativum”
Claim · model-written summary
Microwave-dried red onion metabolites were closer to freeze-dried than air-dried samples.
- Taxon
- A. cepaAllium cepae0
- Outcome
- metabolite compositione0
- Direction
- closere0
- Comparator
- freeze dried onese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“closer metabolite composition of microwave dried specimens to freeze dried ones, and distant from air dried bulbs, observed in both A. cepa and A. sativum”
Claim · model-written summary
Microwave-dried garlic metabolites were closer to freeze-dried than air-dried samples.
- Taxon
- A. sativumAllium sativume0
- Outcome
- metabolite compositione0
- Direction
- closere0
- Comparator
- freeze dried onese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“closer metabolite composition of microwave dried specimens to freeze dried ones, and distant from air dried bulbs, observed in both A. cepa and A. sativum”
Claim · model-written summary
UPLC/MS PCA better assessed drying effects on Allium metabolism than GC/MS PCA.
_Allium_vineale_-_inflorescence_immature.jpg?width=60){kind=small}
AlliumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Allium_vineale_-_inflorescence_immature.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Compared to GC/MS, the UPLC/MS derived PCA model was more consistent and better in assessing the impact of drying on Allium metabolism.”
Claim · model-written summary
A phthalate derivative occurred only in a commercial garlic preparation.
- Taxon
- garlicAllium sativume0
- Outcome
- phthalate derivativee0
- Direction
- exclusivelye0
- Qualifier
- of yet unknown origine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A phthalate derivative was found exclusively in a commercial garlic preparation via GC/MS, of yet unknown origin.”
Claim · model-written summary
Freeze-dried red onion had stronger antimicrobial activity than other dried samples.
- Taxon
- Allium cepa Red cv.Allium cepat0
- Treatment
- freeze driede0
- Outcome
- antimicrobial activitiese0
- Direction
- strongere0
- Comparator
- dried specimense0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The freeze dried samples of both Allium species exhibited stronger antimicrobial activities compared to dried specimens”
t0“Allium cepa Red cv.”
Claim · model-written summary
Freeze-dried garlic had stronger antimicrobial activity than other dried samples.
- Taxon
- A. sativumAllium sativumt0
- Treatment
- freeze driede0
- Outcome
- antimicrobial activitiese0
- Direction
- strongere0
- Comparator
- dried specimense0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The freeze dried samples of both Allium species exhibited stronger antimicrobial activities compared to dried specimens”
t0“A. sativum”
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic generally showed stronger antimicrobial activity than red onion.
- Taxon
- A. sativumAllium sativume0
- Outcome
- activee0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- A. cepa red cv.e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A. sativum being in general more active than A. cepa red cv.”
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See all 26 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.