Abstract
Among environmental factors, temperature is the one that poses serious threats to viticulture in the present and future scenarios of global climate change. In this work, we evaluated the effects on berry ripening of two thermal regimes, imposed from veraison to harvest. Potted vines were grown in two air-conditioned greenhouses with High Temperature (HT) and Low Temperature (LT) regimes characterized by 26 and 21°C as average and 42 and 35°C as maximum air daily temperature, respectively. We conducted analyses of the main berry compositional parameters, berry skin flavonoids and berry skin transcriptome on HT and LT berries sampled during ripening. The two thermal conditions strongly differentiated the berries. HT regime increased sugar accumulation at the beginning of ripening, but not at harvest, when HT treatment contributed to a slight total acidity reduction and pH increase. Conversely, growing temperatures greatly impacted on anthocyanin and flavonol concentrations, which resulted as strongly reduced, while no effects were found on skin tannins accumulation. Berry transcriptome was analyzed with several approaches in order to identify genes with different expression profile in berries ripened under HT or LT conditions. The analysis of whole transcriptome showed that the main differences emerging from this approach appeared to be more due to a shift in the ripening process, rather than to a strong rearrangement at transcriptional level, revealing that the LT temperature regime could delay berry ripening, at least in the early stages. Moreover, the results of the in-depth screening of genes differentially expressed in HT and LT did not highlight differences in the expression of transcripts involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoids (with the exception of PAL and STS) despite the enzymatic activities of PALs and UFGT being significantly higher in LT than HT. This suggests only a partial correlation between molecular and biochemical data in our conditions and the putative existence of post-transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms playing significant roles in the regulation of flavonoid metabolic pathways and in particular of anthocyanins.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature increased sugar accumulation early in ripening but not at harvest.
- Treatment
- HT regimee0
- Outcome
- sugar accumulatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- at the beginning of ripening, but not at harveste0
VitisNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HT regime increased sugar accumulation at the beginning of ripening, but not at harvest”
t0“Grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
At harvest high temperature slightly reduced total acidity.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HT treatment contributed to a slight total acidity reduction”
t0“Grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
At harvest high temperature increased berry pH.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HT treatment contributed to a slight total acidity reduction and pH increase”
t0“Grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature reduced anthocyanin and flavonol concentrations.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“anthocyanin and flavonol concentrations, which resulted as strongly reduced”
e1“High Temperature (HT) and Low Temperature (LT) regimes”
t0“Grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
Temperature did not alter skin tannin accumulation.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no effects were found on skin tannins accumulation”
e1“temperature is the one that poses serious threats”
t0“Grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
Transcriptome differences mainly reflected a shift in ripening.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the main differences emerging from this approach appeared to be more due to a shift in the ripening process, rather than to a strong rearrangement at transcriptional level”
t0“Grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
Low temperature may delay early berry ripening.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“LT temperature regime could delay berry ripening, at least in the early stages”
t0“Grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
Flavonoid biosynthesis transcripts generally did not differ between regimes, except PAL and STS.
- Treatment
- HT and LTe1
- Gene
- PAL and STSe0
- Outcome
- expression of transcripts involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoidse0
- Direction
- did not highlight differencese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“did not highlight differences in the expression of transcripts involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoids (with the exception of PAL and STS)”
e1“genes differentially expressed in HT and LT”
t0“Grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
PAL and UFGT activities were significantly higher under low temperature.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enzymatic activities of PALs and UFGT being significantly higher in LT than HT”
t0“Grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors infer post transcriptional and post translational regulation of flavonoid pathways.
- Outcome
- regulation of flavonoid metabolic pathwayse0
- Qualifier
- post-transcriptional and post-translational mechanismse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“putative existence of post-transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms playing significant roles in the regulation of flavonoid metabolic pathways and in particular of anthocyanins”
t0“Grapevine”
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