Abstract
The effect of zinc in a high concentration (1000 µM) on the growth and the photosynthetic apparatus of winter wheat plants ( Triticum aestivum L.) was investigated in the laboratory under optimal (22 ° C) and low (4 ° C) temperatures. It was shown that irrespective of the temperature, zinc in the stated concentration had a pronounced negative effect on the plants, causing a decrease in the content of the main photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids) in the leaves, and a decline of the potential quantum efficiency of photosystem II. In addition, the exposure of the experimental plants to this metal caused a partial closure of stomata and a decrease of the stomatal pore size. These changes, along with other possible modifications and/or disruptions of physiological processes, inhibited the photosynthetic activity and growth of the plants. Where the temperature was optimal, however, the detrimental effect of zinc on the plants was attenuated toward the end of the experiment (3 days). Namely, the rate of photosynthesis, as well as the accumulation of shoot biomass reached a level typical of the control plants. Under hypothermic conditions, on the contrary, the inhibitory effect caused by the simultaneous action of these two stress factors, which was manifest in a number of the studied growth indices (shoot height and aboveground biomass) and the state of the photosynthetic apparatus (photosynthetic pigments content, rate of photosynthesis, leaf tissue water content) tended to build up. The approximately equal decrease in the values of the maximum quantum yield of the PS II photochemical activity ( F v / F m ) detected experimentally under temperature optimum and hypothermia is obviously connected with the weak dependence of light-dependent reactions on temperature.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc decreased wheat leaf chlorophyll and carotenoid content at both temperatures.
- Taxon
- winter wheat plants
Triticum aestivume1 - Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- zince0
- Outcome
- content of the main photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids)e0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“irrespective of the temperature, zinc in the stated concentration had a pronounced negative effect on the plants, causing a decrease in the content of the main photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids) in the leaves”
e1“winter wheat plants ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc reduced potential quantum efficiency of photosystem II at both temperatures.
- Taxon
- winter wheat plantsTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- zince0
- Outcome
- potential quantum efficiency of photosystem IIe0
- Direction
- declinee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“zinc in the stated concentration had a pronounced negative effect on the plants, causing a decrease in the content of the main photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids) in the leaves, and a decline of the potential quantum efficiency of photosystem II”
e1“winter wheat plants ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc caused partial wheat stomatal closure.
- Taxon
- winter wheat plantsTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- zinc in a high concentration (1000 µM)e2
- Outcome
- partial closure of stomatae0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the exposure of the experimental plants to this metal caused a partial closure of stomata”
e1“winter wheat plants ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
e2“zinc in a high concentration (1000 µM)”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc decreased wheat stomatal pore size.
- Taxon
- winter wheat plantsTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- zinc in a high concentration (1000 µM)e2
- Outcome
- stomatal pore sizee0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the exposure of the experimental plants to this metal caused a partial closure of stomata and a decrease of the stomatal pore size”
e1“winter wheat plants ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
e2“zinc in a high concentration (1000 µM)”
Claim · model-written summary
The zinc-related physiological changes inhibited wheat photosynthetic activity.
- Taxon
- winter wheat plantsTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- photosynthetic activitye0
- Qualifier
- These changes, along with other possible modifications and/or disruptions of physiological processese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These changes, along with other possible modifications and/or disruptions of physiological processes, inhibited the photosynthetic activity and growth of the plants”
e1“winter wheat plants ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The zinc-related physiological changes inhibited wheat growth.
- Taxon
- winter wheat plantsTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- growth of the plantse0
- Qualifier
- These changes, along with other possible modifications and/or disruptions of physiological processese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These changes, along with other possible modifications and/or disruptions of physiological processes, inhibited the photosynthetic activity and growth of the plants”
e1“winter wheat plants ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
At optimal temperature, zinc harm attenuated by day three.
- Taxon
- winter wheat plantsTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- detrimental effect of zinc on the plantse0
- Direction
- attenuatede0
- Value
- 3 dayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Where the temperature was optimal, however, the detrimental effect of zinc on the plants was attenuated toward the end of the experiment (3 days)”
e1“winter wheat plants ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
At optimal temperature, wheat photosynthesis rate reached the control level by day three.
- Taxon
- winter wheat plantsTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- temperature was optimale1
- Outcome
- rate of photosynthesise0
- Direction
- reached a level typical ofe0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the rate of photosynthesis, as well as the accumulation of shoot biomass reached a level typical of the control plants”
e1“Where the temperature was optimal”
e2“winter wheat plants ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
At optimal temperature, wheat shoot biomass reached the control level by day three.
- Taxon
- winter wheat plantsTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- temperature was optimale1
- Outcome
- accumulation of shoot biomasse0
- Direction
- reached a level typical ofe0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the rate of photosynthesis, as well as the accumulation of shoot biomass reached a level typical of the control plants”
e1“Where the temperature was optimal”
e2“winter wheat plants ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under hypothermia, zinc inhibition of shoot height and aboveground biomass increased over time.
- Taxon
- winter wheat plantsTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- simultaneous action of these two stress factorse0
- Outcome
- shoot height and aboveground biomasse0
- Direction
- tended to build upe0
- Qualifier
- hypothermic conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under hypothermic conditions, on the contrary, the inhibitory effect caused by the simultaneous action of these two stress factors, which was manifest in a number of the studied growth indices (shoot height and aboveground biomass) and the state of the photosynthetic apparatus (photosynthetic pigments content, rate of photosynthesis, leaf tissue water content) tended to build up”
e1“winter wheat plants ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under hypothermia, zinc inhibition of pigment content, photosynthesis rate and leaf water content increased over time.
- Taxon
- winter wheat plantsTriticum aestivume1
- Treatment
- simultaneous action of these two stress factorse0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigments content, rate of photosynthesis, leaf tissue water contente0
- Direction
- tended to build upe0
- Qualifier
- hypothermic conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under hypothermic conditions, on the contrary, the inhibitory effect caused by the simultaneous action of these two stress factors, which was manifest in a number of the studied growth indices (shoot height and aboveground biomass) and the state of the photosynthetic apparatus (photosynthetic pigments content, rate of photosynthesis, leaf tissue water content) tended to build up”
e1“winter wheat plants ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Maximum PS II quantum yield fell approximately equally under optimal and low temperatures.
- Taxon
- winter wheat plantsTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- maximum quantum yield of the PS II photochemical activity ( F v / F m )e0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Comparator
- temperature optimum and hypothermiae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The approximately equal decrease in the values of the maximum quantum yield of the PS II photochemical activity ( F v / F m ) detected experimentally under temperature optimum and hypothermia”
e1“winter wheat plants ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attributed similar PS II quantum yield decreases to weak temperature dependence of light reactions.
- Taxon
- winter wheat plantsTriticum aestivume2
- Outcome
- maximum quantum yield of the PS II photochemical activity ( F v / F m )e1
- Qualifier
- weak dependence of light-dependent reactions on temperaturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“is obviously connected with the weak dependence of light-dependent reactions on temperature”
e1“The approximately equal decrease in the values of the maximum quantum yield of the PS II photochemical activity ( F v / F m )”
e2“winter wheat plants ( Triticum aestivum L.)”
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