Abstract
Pea seeds are widely consumed in their immature form, known as garden peas and petit pois, mostly after preservation by freezing or canning. Mature dry peas are rich in iron in the form of ferritin, but little is known about the content, form or bioavailability of iron in immature stages of seed development. Using specific antibodies and in-gel iron staining, we show that ferritin loaded with iron accumulated gradually during seed development. Immunolocalization and high-resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) revealed that iron-loaded ferritin was located at the surface of starch-containing plastids. Standard cooking procedures destabilized monomeric ferritin and the iron-loaded form. Iron uptake studies using Caco-2 cells showed that the iron in microwaved immature peas was more bioavailable than in boiled mature peas, despite similar levels of soluble iron in the digestates. By manipulating the levels of phytic acid in the digestates we demonstrate that phytic acid is the main inhibitor of iron uptake from mature peas in vitro. Taken together, our data show that immature peas and mature dry peas contain similar levels of ferritin-iron, which is destabilized during cooking. However, iron from immature peas is more bioavailable because of lower phytic acid levels compared to mature peas.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Ferritin loaded with iron accumulates gradually during pea seed development.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativum
Lathyrus oleraceust0 - Organ / stage
- seed developmente1
- Gene
- ferritine1
- Outcome
- ferritin loaded with irone1
- Direction
- accumulated graduallye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pea (Pisum sativum L.)”
e1“ferritin loaded with iron accumulated gradually during seed development”
Claim · model-written summary
Iron-loaded ferritin is located at the surface of starch-containing plastids in pea seeds.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativumLathyrus oleraceust0
- Organ / stage
- starch-containing plastidse2
- Gene
- ferritine2
- Outcome
- iron-loaded ferritine2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pea (Pisum sativum L.)”
e2“iron-loaded ferritin was located at the surface of starch-containing plastids”
Claim · model-written summary
Standard cooking procedures destabilize monomeric ferritin and the iron-loaded form in peas.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativumLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- Standard cooking procedurese3
- Gene
- ferritine3
- Outcome
- monomeric ferritine3
- Direction
- destabilizede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pea (Pisum sativum L.)”
e3“Standard cooking procedures destabilized monomeric ferritin and the iron-loaded form”
Claim · model-written summary
Iron from microwaved immature peas is more bioavailable than iron from boiled mature peas.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativumLathyrus oleraceust0
- Organ / stage
- immature pease4
- Treatment
- microwavede4
- Outcome
- irone4
- Direction
- more bioavailablee4
- Comparator
- boiled mature pease4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pea (Pisum sativum L.)”
e4“the iron in microwaved immature peas was more bioavailable than in boiled mature peas”
Claim · model-written summary
Immature and mature peas show similar levels of soluble iron in the digestates.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativumLathyrus oleraceust0
- Outcome
- soluble iron in the digestatese5
- Direction
- similar levelse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pea (Pisum sativum L.)”
e5“despite similar levels of soluble iron in the digestates”
Claim · model-written summary
Phytic acid is the main inhibitor of iron uptake from mature peas in vitro.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativumLathyrus oleraceust0
- Compound
- phytic acide6
- Outcome
- iron uptakee6
- Qualifier
- main inhibitore6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pea (Pisum sativum L.)”
e6“phytic acid is the main inhibitor of iron uptake from mature peas in vitro”
Claim · model-written summary
Immature peas have lower phytic acid levels than mature peas.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativumLathyrus oleraceust0
- Organ / stage
- immature pease7
- Outcome
- phytic acid levelse7
- Direction
- lowere7
- Comparator
- mature pease7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pea (Pisum sativum L.)”
e7“iron from immature peas is more bioavailable because of lower phytic acid levels compared to mature peas”
Claim · model-written summary
Immature and mature dry peas contain similar levels of ferritin-iron.
- Taxon
- Pisum sativumLathyrus oleraceust0
- Organ / stage
- immature pease1
- Gene
- ferritine1
- Outcome
- ferritin-irone1
- Direction
- similar levelse1
- Comparator
- mature dry pease1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pea (Pisum sativum L.)”
e1“immature peas and mature dry peas contain similar levels of ferritin-iron”
The same questions in other papers
processing · molecular: metabolites · Lathyrus oleraceus (pea)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 10 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
11 papers more in this group
See all 15 papers →processing · nutrient: content · Lathyrus oleraceus (pea)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.