Abstract
In plant-microbe interactions, plant sugars produced by photosynthesis are not only a carbon source for pathogens, but may also act as signals that modulate plant defense responses. Here, we report that decreasing sorbitol synthesis in apple (Malus domestica) leaves by antisense suppression of ALDOSE-6-PHOSPHATE REDUCTASE (A6PR) leads to downregulation of 56 NUCLEOTIDE BINDING/LEUCINE-RICH REPEAT (NLR) genes and converts the phenotypic response to Alternaria alternata from resistant to susceptible. We identified a resistance protein encoded by the apple MdNLR16 gene and a small protein encoded by the fungal HRIP1 gene that interact in both a yeast two-hybrid assay and a bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay. Deletion of HRIP1 in A. alternata enables gain of virulence on the wild-type control plant. Overexpression of MdNLR16 in two antisense A6PR lines increases resistance, whereas RNAi suppression of MdNLR16 in the wild-type control decreases resistance against A. alternata. MdWRKY79 transcriptionally regulates MdNLR16 by binding to the promoter of MdNLR16 in response to sorbitol, and exogenous sorbitol feeding partially restores resistance of the antisense A6PR lines to A. alternata. These findings indicate that sorbitol modulates resistance to A. alternata via the MdNLR16 protein that interacts with the fungal effector in a classic gene-for-gene manner in apple.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Suppressing A6PR and sorbitol synthesis downregulated 56 NLR genes in apple leaves.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticae0 - Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- antisense suppression of ALDOSE-6-PHOSPHATE REDUCTASE (A6PR)e0
- Gene
- NUCLEOTIDE BINDING/LEUCINE-RICH REPEAT (NLR) genese0
- Outcome
- downregulation of 56 NUCLEOTIDE BINDING/LEUCINE-RICH REPEAT (NLR) genese0
- Direction
- downregulatione0
- Value
- 56e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreasing sorbitol synthesis in apple (Malus domestica) leaves by antisense suppression of ALDOSE-6-PHOSPHATE REDUCTASE (A6PR) leads to downregulation of 56 NUCLEOTIDE BINDING/LEUCINE-RICH REPEAT (NLR) genes”
Claim · model-written summary
Suppressing A6PR changed the apple response to Alternaria alternata from resistant to susceptible.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Treatment
- antisense suppression of ALDOSE-6-PHOSPHATE REDUCTASE (A6PR)e0
- Interactor
- Alternaria alternata
.jpg?width=60)
Alternaria alternatae0pathogen - Outcome
- phenotypic response to Alternaria alternatae0
- Direction
- from resistant to susceptiblee0
- Comparator
- resistante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“decreasing sorbitol synthesis in apple (Malus domestica) leaves by antisense suppression of ALDOSE-6-PHOSPHATE REDUCTASE (A6PR) leads to downregulation of 56 NUCLEOTIDE BINDING/LEUCINE-RICH REPEAT (NLR) genes and converts the phenotypic response to Alternaria alternata from resistant to susceptible”
Claim · model-written summary
Apple MdNLR16 and fungal HRIP1 proteins interacted in two assays.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Interactor
- Alternaria alternataAlternaria alternatae1pathogen
- Gene
- apple MdNLR16 genee0
- Outcome
- interact in both a yeast two-hybrid assay and a bimolecular fluorescence complementation assaye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a resistance protein encoded by the apple MdNLR16 gene and a small protein encoded by the fungal HRIP1 gene that interact in both a yeast two-hybrid assay and a bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay”
e1“Alternaria alternata”
Claim · model-written summary
Deleting HRIP1 gave Alternaria alternata virulence on wild-type apple.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- Deletion of HRIP1 in A. alternatae0
- Interactor
- A. alternataAlternaria alternatae0pathogen
- Gene
- HRIP1e0
- Outcome
- gain of virulencee0
- Direction
- gaine0
- Comparator
- wild-type control plante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Deletion of HRIP1 in A. alternata enables gain of virulence on the wild-type control plant”
e1“apple (Malus domestica)”
Claim · model-written summary
Overexpressing MdNLR16 increased resistance in two antisense A6PR lines.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae2
- Material
- two antisense A6PR linese0
- Treatment
- Overexpression of MdNLR16e0
- Interactor
- A. alternataAlternaria alternatae1pathogen
- Gene
- MdNLR16e0
- Outcome
- resistancee0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Overexpression of MdNLR16 in two antisense A6PR lines increases resistance”
e1“against A. alternata”
e2“apple (Malus domestica)”
Claim · model-written summary
RNAi suppression of MdNLR16 decreased resistance in wild-type apple.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- RNAi suppression of MdNLR16e0
- Interactor
- A. alternataAlternaria alternatae0pathogen
- Gene
- MdNLR16e0
- Outcome
- resistancee0
- Direction
- decreasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“RNAi suppression of MdNLR16 in the wild-type control decreases resistance against A. alternata”
e1“apple (Malus domestica)”
Claim · model-written summary
MdWRKY79 bound the MdNLR16 promoter and regulated its transcription in response to sorbitol.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Gene
- MdWRKY79e0
- Compound
- sorbitole0
- Outcome
- transcriptionally regulates MdNLR16e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MdWRKY79 transcriptionally regulates MdNLR16 by binding to the promoter of MdNLR16 in response to sorbitol”
e1“apple (Malus domestica)”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous sorbitol partially restored Alternaria resistance in antisense A6PR apple lines.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Material
- antisense A6PR linese0
- Treatment
- exogenous sorbitol feedinge0
- Interactor
- A. alternataAlternaria alternatae0pathogen
- Outcome
- resistancee0
- Direction
- partially restorese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous sorbitol feeding partially restores resistance of the antisense A6PR lines to A. alternata”
e1“apple (Malus domestica)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sorbitol was interpreted to modulate apple resistance through MdNLR16 interaction with a fungal effector.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Interactor
- A. alternataAlternaria alternatae0pathogen
- Gene
- MdNLR16 proteine0
- Compound
- sorbitole0
- Outcome
- resistance to A. alternatae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sorbitol modulates resistance to A. alternata via the MdNLR16 protein that interacts with the fungal effector in a classic gene-for-gene manner in apple”
The same questions in other papers
loss of function · molecular: expression · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
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- negative
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See all 15 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.