Abstract
Abstract In 1961, trees of Frost Nucellar ‘Washington’ navel orange on Troyer Citrange rootstock were planted at eleven different spacings to determine the effect of tree spacing on growth, production, and fruit quality. Growth rate as measured by trunk circumference was proportional to decreasing tree density or increased spacing. The wider the spacing, the greater was the trunk circumference and the fruit-bearing capacity of the tree. Shading of skirt foliage, as closely planted trees began to crowd, caused the skirts to die and decreased production. Pruning to keep these trees from crowding reduced yield in proportion to the amount of foliage removed. Removal of alternate trees in the two most densely planted spacings, 9 ft. × 11 ft. and 11 ft. × 11 ft., reduced competition and allowed more light to reach the remaining trees. Skirt foliage regrew and yield per-tree and per-acre increased. Fruit colored faster and was larger on the widely spaced trees, where less shading had occurred, than on closely spaced trees. Fruit quality analysis showed no difference in percent of juice, soluble solids, acid, or rag, or in peel and rind thickness. The closest spacings, 9 ft. × 11 ft., 9 ft. × 15 ft. and 11 ft. × 11 ft., operated at a net loss for the first five years of production. Although per tree production was highest on the widest spacing, 22 ft. × 22 ft., net returns per acre on this spacing are still low because of the number of trees per acre. The 11 ft. × 22 ft. spacing with 180 trees per acre had the largest net income per acre.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Growth rate measured as trunk circumference was proportional to decreasing tree density or increased spacing.
- Taxon
- navel orange
Citrus sinensise0 - Treatment
- increased spacinge1
- Outcome
- Growth rate as measured by trunk circumferencee1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘Washington’ navel orange”
e1“Growth rate as measured by trunk circumference was proportional to decreasing tree density or increased spacing”
Claim · model-written summary
Wider spacing was associated with greater fruit-bearing capacity of the navel orange trees.
- Taxon
- navel orangeCitrus sinensise0
- Treatment
- The wider the spacinge2
- Outcome
- fruit-bearing capacity of the treee2
- Direction
- greatere2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘Washington’ navel orange”
e2“The wider the spacing, the greater was the trunk circumference and the fruit-bearing capacity of the tree”
Claim · model-written summary
Shading of skirt foliage from crowding caused the skirts to die and decreased production.
- Taxon
- navel orangeCitrus sinensise0
- Treatment
- Shading of skirt foliagee3
- Outcome
- productione3
- Direction
- decreasede3
- Qualifier
- caused the skirts to diee3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘Washington’ navel orange”
e3“Shading of skirt foliage, as closely planted trees began to crowd, caused the skirts to die and decreased production”
Claim · model-written summary
Pruning to keep trees from crowding reduced yield in proportion to the foliage removed.
- Taxon
- navel orangeCitrus sinensise0
- Treatment
- Pruning to keep these trees from crowdinge4
- Outcome
- yielde4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Qualifier
- in proportion to the amount of foliage removede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘Washington’ navel orange”
e4“Pruning to keep these trees from crowding reduced yield in proportion to the amount of foliage removed”
Claim · model-written summary
Removing alternate trees in the densest spacings reduced competition among the remaining trees.
- Taxon
- navel orangeCitrus sinensise0
- Treatment
- Removal of alternate treese5
- Outcome
- competitione5
- Direction
- reducede5
- Qualifier
- in the two most densely planted spacingse5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘Washington’ navel orange”
e5“Removal of alternate trees in the two most densely planted spacings, 9 ft. × 11 ft. and 11 ft. × 11 ft., reduced competition and allowed more light to reach the remaining trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Removing alternate trees in the densest spacings increased light reaching the remaining trees.
- Taxon
- navel orangeCitrus sinensise0
- Treatment
- Removal of alternate treese5
- Outcome
- light to reach the remaining treese5
- Direction
- increaseinferrede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘Washington’ navel orange”
e5“Removal of alternate trees in the two most densely planted spacings, 9 ft. × 11 ft. and 11 ft. × 11 ft., reduced competition and allowed more light to reach the remaining trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Removing alternate trees increased yield per tree and per acre.
- Taxon
- navel orangeCitrus sinensise0
- Treatment
- Removal of alternate treese5
- Outcome
- yield per-tree and per-acree6
- Direction
- increasede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘Washington’ navel orange”
e5“Removal of alternate trees in the two most densely planted spacings, 9 ft. × 11 ft. and 11 ft. × 11 ft., reduced competition and allowed more light to reach the remaining trees”
e6“Skirt foliage regrew and yield per-tree and per-acre increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Removing alternate trees increased skirt foliage regrowth.
- Taxon
- navel orangeCitrus sinensise0
- Treatment
- Removal of alternate treese5
- Outcome
- Skirt foliagee6
- Direction
- increaseinferrede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘Washington’ navel orange”
e5“Removal of alternate trees in the two most densely planted spacings, 9 ft. × 11 ft. and 11 ft. × 11 ft., reduced competition and allowed more light to reach the remaining trees”
e6“Skirt foliage regrew and yield per-tree and per-acre increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit colored faster on widely spaced trees than on closely spaced trees.
- Taxon
- navel orangeCitrus sinensise0
- Treatment
- widely spaced treese7
- Outcome
- Fruit colorede7
- Direction
- fastere7
- Comparator
- closely spaced treese7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘Washington’ navel orange”
e7“Fruit colored faster and was larger on the widely spaced trees, where less shading had occurred, than on closely spaced trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit was larger on widely spaced trees than on closely spaced trees.
- Taxon
- navel orangeCitrus sinensise0
- Treatment
- widely spaced treese7
- Outcome
- Fruite7
- Direction
- largere7
- Comparator
- closely spaced treese7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘Washington’ navel orange”
e7“Fruit colored faster and was larger on the widely spaced trees, where less shading had occurred, than on closely spaced trees”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit juice percent, soluble solids and acid showed no difference among spacings.
- Taxon
- navel orangeCitrus sinensise0
- Outcome
- percent of juice, soluble solids, acide7
- Qualifier
- no differencee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘Washington’ navel orange”
e7“Fruit quality analysis showed no difference in percent of juice, soluble solids, acid, or rag, or in peel and rind thickness”
Claim · model-written summary
Rag, peel and rind thickness showed no difference among spacings.
- Taxon
- navel orangeCitrus sinensise0
- Outcome
- rag, or in peel and rind thicknesse7
- Qualifier
- no differencee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘Washington’ navel orange”
e7“Fruit quality analysis showed no difference in percent of juice, soluble solids, acid, or rag, or in peel and rind thickness”
Claim · model-written summary
Per tree production was highest on the widest spacing, 22 ft. × 22 ft.
- Taxon
- navel orangeCitrus sinensise0
- Treatment
- widest spacing, 22 ft. × 22 ft.e7
- Outcome
- per tree productione7
- Direction
- higheste7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘Washington’ navel orange”
e7“Although per tree production was highest on the widest spacing, 22 ft. × 22 ft., net returns per acre on this spacing are still low because of the number of trees per acre”
Claim · model-written summary
Net returns per acre on the 22 ft. × 22 ft. spacing are still low because of the number of trees per acre.
- Taxon
- navel orangeCitrus sinensise0
- Treatment
- 22 ft. × 22 ft.e7
- Outcome
- net returns per acree7
- Direction
- lowe7
- Qualifier
- because of the number of trees per acree7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘Washington’ navel orange”
e7“Although per tree production was highest on the widest spacing, 22 ft. × 22 ft., net returns per acre on this spacing are still low because of the number of trees per acre”
Claim · model-written summary
The closest spacings operated at a net loss during the first five years of production.
- Taxon
- navel orangeCitrus sinensise0
- Treatment
- closest spacingse7
- Outcome
- net loss for the first five years of productione7
- Direction
- operated at a net losse7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘Washington’ navel orange”
e7“The closest spacings, 9 ft. × 11 ft., 9 ft. × 15 ft. and 11 ft. × 11 ft., operated at a net loss for the first five years of production”
Claim · model-written summary
The 11 ft. × 22 ft. spacing with 180 trees per acre had the largest net income per acre.
- Taxon
- navel orangeCitrus sinensise0
- Treatment
- The 11 ft. × 22 ft. spacinge7
- Outcome
- net income per acree7
- Direction
- largeste7
- Qualifier
- with 180 trees per acree7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“‘Washington’ navel orange”
e7“The 11 ft. × 22 ft. spacing with 180 trees per acre had the largest net income per acre”
The same questions in other papers
shade · yield · Citrus sinensis (sweet orange)Results differ
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
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3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction
- positive
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- positive
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See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.