Abstract
The grain protectant efficacy of Makabuhay, Tinospora rumphii stem extract was tested on adult maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais M. Evaluation of phytochemicals present in the extract was conducted to identify its bioactive compounds. The ethanolic stem extract of T. rumphii contains the following phytochemicals: alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids and tannins. These phytochemicals are known to possess pesticidal activities against insects and other pests. The grain protectant efficacy of T. rumphii against corn weevils was manifested by the percentage of mortality of weevils, number of corn seed holes; weight loss and percentage corn germination. Results revealed that the corn weevils treated with the highest concentration (18%) of T. rumphii manifest the highest percentage of weevils’ mortality and significantly higher (p =0.000) as compared to the negative control and the other treatment concentrations. In addition, the mortality of corn weevils treated with the plant extract is concentration-dependent. The average number of corn seed holes treated the T. rumphii extract is statistically lower as compared to the negative control. Moreover, the highest concentration (18%) of the plant extract showed the lowest average number of holes. This implies that T. rumphii is responsible for the inhibition of the weevils from infesting the corn seeds. Furthermore, result revealed significant decrease (p =0.000) on the average weight loss of corn seeds previously treated with the plant extract. The highest concentration of T. rumphii manifest the lowest percentage weight loss. Result also showed a significant increase (p = 0.000) of percentage germination of corn seeds randomly selected from the control and the treated groups. The highest concentration of the plant extract reveals the highest percentage of germination. T. rumphii stem extract therefore is an effective grain protectant against maize weevis, S. zeamis due to the presence of phytochemicals flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids and tannins which showed synergistic effects in terms of insecticidal action to maize weevil.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Tinospora rumphii ethanolic stem extract contained alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids and tannins.
Verbatim
t0“Tinospora rumphii”
e0“The ethanolic stem extract of T. rumphii contains the following phytochemicals: alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids and tannins”
Claim · model-written summary
The 18% extract concentration produced the highest corn weevil mortality, significantly above control and other concentrations.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse0 - Treatment
- highest concentration (18%) of T. rumphiie0
- Interactor
- corn weevilse0pest
- Outcome
- percentage of weevils’ mortalitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 18%e0
- Comparator
- negative control and the other treatment concentrationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“corn weevils treated with the highest concentration (18%) of T. rumphii manifest the highest percentage of weevils’ mortality and significantly higher (p =0.000) as compared to the negative control and the other treatment concentrations”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn weevil mortality increased with extract concentration.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- plant extracte0
- Interactor
- corn weevilse0pest
- Outcome
- mortality of corn weevilse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the mortality of corn weevils treated with the plant extract is concentration-dependent”
e1“infesting the corn seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Extract treatment lowered average corn seed hole count relative to the negative control.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- T. rumphii extracte0
- Outcome
- average number of corn seed holese0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- negative controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The average number of corn seed holes treated the T. rumphii extract is statistically lower as compared to the negative control”
Claim · model-written summary
The 18% extract produced the lowest average number of corn seed holes.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- highest concentration (18%) of the plant extracte0
- Outcome
- average number of holese0
- Direction
- loweste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest concentration (18%) of the plant extract showed the lowest average number of holes”
e1“average number of corn seed holes”
Claim · model-written summary
Extract treatment significantly reduced average corn seed weight loss.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- plant extracte0
- Outcome
- average weight loss of corn seedse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant decrease (p =0.000) on the average weight loss of corn seeds previously treated with the plant extract”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest extract concentration produced the lowest percentage weight loss.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- highest concentration of T. rumphiie0
- Outcome
- percentage weight losse0
- Direction
- loweste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest concentration of T. rumphii manifest the lowest percentage weight loss”
e1“weight loss of corn seeds previously treated”
Claim · model-written summary
Extract treated corn seeds had a significant increase in germination percentage versus controls.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Treatment
- treated groupse0
- Outcome
- percentage germination of corn seedse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significant increase (p = 0.000) of percentage germination of corn seeds randomly selected from the control and the treated groups”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest extract concentration produced the highest germination percentage.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse1
- Treatment
- highest concentration of the plant extracte0
- Outcome
- percentage of germinatione0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest concentration of the plant extract reveals the highest percentage of germination”
e1“germination of corn seeds randomly selected”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors concluded that Tinospora rumphii stem extract effectively protects grain against maize weevils.
Verbatim
t0“Tinospora rumphii”
e0“T. rumphii stem extract therefore is an effective grain protectant against maize weevis, S. zeamis”
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