Abstract
RXLR effectors encoded by Phytophthora species play a central role in pathogen-plant interactions. An understanding of the biological functions of RXLR effectors is conducive to the illumination of the pathogenic mechanisms and the development of disease control strategies. However, the virulence function of Phytophthora parasitica RXLR effectors is poorly understood. Here, we describe the identification of a P. parasitica RXLR effector gene, PPTG00121 (PpE4), which is highly transcribed during the early stages of infection. Live cell imaging of P. parasitica transformants expressing a full-length PpE4 (E4FL)-mCherry protein indicated that PpE4 is secreted and accumulates around haustoria during plant infection. Silencing of PpE4 in P. parasitica resulted in significantly reduced virulence on Nicotiana benthamiana. Transient expression of PpE4 in N. benthamiana in turn restored the pathogenicity of the PpE4-silenced lines. Furthermore, the expression of PpE4 in both N. benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana consistently enhanced plant susceptibility to P. parasitica. These results indicate that PpE4 contributes to pathogen infection. Finally, heterologous expression experiments showed that PpE4 triggers non-specific cell death in a variety of plants, including tobacco, tomato, potato and A. thaliana. Virus-induced gene silencing assays revealed that PpE4-induced cell death is dependent on HSP90, NPK and SGT1, suggesting that PpE4 is recognized by the plant immune system. In conclusion, PpE4 is an important virulence RXLR effector of P. parasitica and recognized by a wide range of host plants.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
PpE4 was highly transcribed early in infection.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“PPTG00121 (PpE4), which is highly transcribed during the early stages of infection”
Claim · model-written summary
PpE4 was secreted and accumulated around haustoria during infection.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“PpE4 is secreted and accumulates around haustoria during plant infection”
Claim · model-written summary
Silencing PpE4 in P. parasitica significantly reduced virulence on Nicotiana benthamiana.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamiana
Nicotiana benthamianae0 - Treatment
- Silencing of PpE4 in P. parasiticae0
- Interactor
- P. parasitica
Phytophthora nicotianaee0pathogen - Gene
- PpE4e0
- Outcome
- virulencee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Silencing of PpE4 in P. parasitica resulted in significantly reduced virulence on Nicotiana benthamiana”
Claim · model-written summary
Transient PpE4 expression in N. benthamiana restored pathogenicity of PpE4-silenced lines.
- Taxon
- N. benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae0
- Treatment
- Transient expression of PpE4 in N. benthamianae0
- Gene
- PpE4e0
- Outcome
- pathogenicitye0
- Direction
- restorede0
- Comparator
- PpE4-silenced linese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transient expression of PpE4 in N. benthamiana in turn restored the pathogenicity of the PpE4-silenced lines”
Claim · model-written summary
PpE4 expression enhanced susceptibility of N. benthamiana to P. parasitica.
- Taxon
- N. benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae0
- Treatment
- expression of PpE4e0
- Interactor
- P. parasiticaPhytophthora nicotianaee0pathogen
- Gene
- PpE4e0
- Outcome
- plant susceptibilitye0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“expression of PpE4 in both N. benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana consistently enhanced plant susceptibility to P. parasitica”
Claim · model-written summary
PpE4 expression enhanced susceptibility of Arabidopsis thaliana to P. parasitica.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianae0 - Treatment
- expression of PpE4e0
- Interactor
- P. parasiticaPhytophthora nicotianaee0pathogen
- Gene
- PpE4e0
- Outcome
- plant susceptibilitye0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“expression of PpE4 in both N. benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana consistently enhanced plant susceptibility to P. parasitica”
Claim · model-written summary
Heterologous PpE4 expression triggered cell death in tobacco.
- Taxon
- tobacco
Nicotiana tabacume0 - Treatment
- PpE4e0
- Gene
- PpE4e0
- Outcome
- non-specific cell deathe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PpE4 triggers non-specific cell death in a variety of plants, including tobacco, tomato, potato and A. thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Heterologous PpE4 expression triggered cell death in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- PpE4e0
- Gene
- PpE4e0
- Outcome
- non-specific cell deathe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PpE4 triggers non-specific cell death in a variety of plants, including tobacco, tomato, potato and A. thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Heterologous PpE4 expression triggered cell death in potato.
- Taxon
- potato
Solanum tuberosume0 - Treatment
- PpE4e0
- Gene
- PpE4e0
- Outcome
- non-specific cell deathe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PpE4 triggers non-specific cell death in a variety of plants, including tobacco, tomato, potato and A. thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Heterologous PpE4 expression triggered cell death in A. thaliana.
- Taxon
- A. thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Treatment
- PpE4e0
- Gene
- PpE4e0
- Outcome
- non-specific cell deathe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PpE4 triggers non-specific cell death in a variety of plants, including tobacco, tomato, potato and A. thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
PpE4-induced cell death depended on HSP90, NPK, and SGT1.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“PpE4-induced cell death is dependent on HSP90, NPK and SGT1”
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