Abstract
Wheat is a major cereal crop in the U.S.A and in the world. However, its production is hampered by a number of factors both biotic and abiotic. Foliar diseases like tan spot caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis and stripe rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, are economically important diseases causing over 5-55 % yield loss. To assess the efficacy of fungicide seed treatments in the management of early tan spot, two hard red spring wheat cultivars “Select” and “Brick” were treated with seedapplied commercially available combo fungicides metalaxyl + pyraclostrobin + triticonazole and difenoconazole + mefenoxam + sedaxane + thiomexotham. A nontreated check consisting of naked seed for both cultivars was included. The treated and non-treated seeds planted in the greenhouse and inoculated with P. tritici-repentis at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after planting (DAP). Disease severity, lesion size, and number of lesions ratings were taken from inoculated plants at 7 and 14 days after inoculation (DAI) for each inoculation period. To evaluate the efficacy of fungicide seed treatments on stripe rust, two hard red winter wheat cultivars “Expedition” (moderately susceptible) and “Alice” (susceptible) to stripe rust were seed treated with two commercial fungicides pyraclostrobin, and difenoconazole + mefenoxam and planted in cones and then transferred to a growth chamber at 10°C. A non-treated seed check was included for comparison. The plants were inoculated with Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici obtained from a wheat field near Brookings the previous season. Ratings for stripe rust severity were done at 20 days after inoculation for the plants inoculated at 2 weeks after planting. To test the effect of seed treatment on early tan spot development under field conditions, field trials were conducted from the South Dakota State University (SDSU) Northeast Research Farm near South shore in Watertown and at SDSU Volga Research Farm with seed treatments having active ingredients; prothioconazole+ penflufen+ metalaxyl; sedaxane; pyraclostrobin; metalaxyl + ipconazole; difenoconazole + mefenoxam and the untreated seeds as the check. Results from the greenhouse seed treatment control of early tan spot development indicated a significant difference among seed treatments with a low tan spot severity in the treated plants. Untreated plants for both cultivars had the highest percentage disease severity ranging from 50- 70 %, large lesions (0.5-0.6 centimeters) and high lesion counts (30-40) at 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks after planting compared to the treated pots that had significantly low percentage disease severity, lesion numbers, and lesion size. Similarly, significantly lower tan spot severity was observed in the seed treated plots compared to non-treated in the field trial at both locations. Plots with fungicide seed treatments had higher numbers of plants/m2 compared to the non-treated. Winter survival was significantly high in the treated plots than the untreated for both locations. Likewise, there was significantly a higher grain yield for plots treated with fungicides than the untreated plots. To assess the efficacy of the biochemical and microbial pesticides, a hard red spring wheat cultivar “Select” was planted in the cone-tainers. The 3 and 6 weeks old seedlings were pre-treated with products containing active ingredients Bacillus subtilis QST713, Bacillus amyloquafasciens D747, Streptomyces lydicus WYEC 108, hydrogen peroxide + peroxyacetic acid and azadirachtin. Pyraclostrobin acted as a positive control. All greenhouse plants were then inoculated with Ptr three days after initial product application at three and six weeks after planting. The same treatments were used in a field setting and a split-plot design was used for two separate fields, namely; the organic and conventional plots at the Southeast Research Farm. Results from the greenhouse and field study showed significant tan spot disease control in the greenhouse with low tan spot severities in cones treated with pyraclostrobin, Bacillus subtilis QST713, Bacillus amyloquafasciens D747, Streptomyces lydicus Wyec 108. Plant vigor was also significantly increased in terms of greenness with the treated plots having higher green ratings than the untreated. Azadirachtin was not significant at managing the tan spot disease or improving the plant greenness. Likewise, yield was significantly high in plots treated with microbial pesticides than in the control/untreated plots. In a study to establish the sensitivity of Pyrenphora tritici repentis to fungicides, ninety isolates collected from North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, and Kansas were tested for sensitivity using both spore and mycelia assays on picoxystrobin, prothioconazole + tebuconazole and azoxystrobin + propiconazole. From the mycelia assays, thirty out of the ninety isolates tested in microtiter plate assays showed insensitivity to picoxystrobin half and full rates with and without Salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM). Further assessments of the five Ptr isolates involving spores showed germination of all isolates on all fungicides with picoxystrobin having the highest percentage spore germination. The double rate of the fungicides had the least germination percentage for all the isolates tested. Spore germination was nullified when the fungicide picoxystrobin was amended with Salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) and no spore germination was recorded meaning all the isolates were sensitive to the fungicides and the prior registered insensitivity was a result Ptr evading the cytochrome b site of QoI action in the absence of SHAM. The findings of this study could be an important source of information for growers and the industry in making wheat production more profitable by informed tan spot and stripe rust management decisions.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide seed treatments significantly lowered tan spot disease severity in greenhouse-grown wheat cultivars Select and Brick compared with untreated plants.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Material
- Selecte0
- Treatment
- seedapplied commercially available combo fungicidese0
- Interactor
- P. tritici-repentis
Pyrenophora tritici-repentise3pathogen - Outcome
- percentage disease severitye1
- Direction
- significantly lowe2
- Comparator
- Untreated plantse1
- Setting
- greenhousee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Diseases of Wheat”
e0“two hard red spring wheat cultivars “Select” and “Brick” were treated with seedapplied commercially available combo fungicides”
e1“Untreated plants for both cultivars had the highest percentage disease severity ranging from 50- 70 %”
e2“compared to the treated pots that had significantly low percentage disease severity, lesion numbers, and lesion size”
e3“The treated and non-treated seeds planted in the greenhouse and inoculated with P. tritici-repentis at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after planting (DAP)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide seed treatments significantly lowered lesion numbers and lesion size in greenhouse-grown wheat compared with untreated plants.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- seedapplied commercially available combo fungicidese0
- Outcome
- lesion numbers, and lesion sizee2
- Direction
- significantly lowe2
- Comparator
- Untreated plantse1
- Setting
- greenhousee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Diseases of Wheat”
e0“two hard red spring wheat cultivars “Select” and “Brick” were treated with seedapplied commercially available combo fungicides”
e1“Untreated plants for both cultivars had the highest percentage disease severity ranging from 50- 70 %”
e2“compared to the treated pots that had significantly low percentage disease severity, lesion numbers, and lesion size”
e3“The treated and non-treated seeds planted in the greenhouse and inoculated with P. tritici-repentis at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after planting (DAP)”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide seed treatments significantly lowered tan spot severity in seed-treated plots compared with non-treated plots in field trials at both locations.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- seedapplied commercially available combo fungicidese0
- Outcome
- tan spot severitye1
- Direction
- significantly lowere1
- Comparator
- non-treatede1
- Setting
- field triale1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Diseases of Wheat”
e0“two hard red spring wheat cultivars “Select” and “Brick” were treated with seedapplied commercially available combo fungicides”
e1“significantly lower tan spot severity was observed in the seed treated plots compared to non-treated in the field trial at both locations”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide seed treatments increased the number of wheat plants per square metre compared with non-treated plots.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- fungicide seed treatmentse0
- Outcome
- numbers of plants/m2e0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- non-treatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Diseases of Wheat”
e0“Plots with fungicide seed treatments had higher numbers of plants/m2 compared to the non-treated”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter survival of wheat was significantly higher in fungicide-treated plots than in untreated plots at both locations.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- seedapplied commercially available combo fungicidese0
- Outcome
- Winter survivale1
- Direction
- significantly highe1
- Comparator
- the untreatede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Diseases of Wheat”
e0“two hard red spring wheat cultivars “Select” and “Brick” were treated with seedapplied commercially available combo fungicides”
e1“Winter survival was significantly high in the treated plots than the untreated for both locations”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide-treated wheat plots had a significantly higher grain yield than untreated plots.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- plots treated with fungicidese0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- the untreated plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Diseases of Wheat”
e0“Likewise, there was significantly a higher grain yield for plots treated with fungicides than the untreated plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyraclostrobin gave significant tan spot disease control in the greenhouse, with low tan spot severities in treated cones.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- pyraclostrobine0
- Interactor
- P. tritici-repentisPyrenophora tritici-repentise1pathogen
- Outcome
- tan spot severitiese0
- Direction
- lowe0
- Setting
- greenhousee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Diseases of Wheat”
e0“Results from the greenhouse and field study showed significant tan spot disease control in the greenhouse with low tan spot severities in cones treated with pyraclostrobin, Bacillus subtilis QST713, Bacillus amyloquafasciens D747, Streptomyces lydicus Wyec 108”
e1“The treated and non-treated seeds planted in the greenhouse and inoculated with P. tritici-repentis at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after planting (DAP)”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus subtilis QST713 gave significant tan spot disease control in the greenhouse, with low tan spot severities in treated cones.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Bacillus subtilis QST713e0
- Interactor
- P. tritici-repentisPyrenophora tritici-repentise1pathogen
- Second interactor
- Bacillus subtilis QST713
Bacillus subtilise0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- tan spot severitiese0
- Direction
- lowe0
- Setting
- greenhousee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Diseases of Wheat”
e0“Results from the greenhouse and field study showed significant tan spot disease control in the greenhouse with low tan spot severities in cones treated with pyraclostrobin, Bacillus subtilis QST713, Bacillus amyloquafasciens D747, Streptomyces lydicus Wyec 108”
e1“The treated and non-treated seeds planted in the greenhouse and inoculated with P. tritici-repentis at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after planting (DAP)”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus amyloquafasciens D747 gave significant tan spot disease control in the greenhouse, with low tan spot severities in treated cones.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Bacillus amyloquafasciens D747e0
- Interactor
- P. tritici-repentisPyrenophora tritici-repentise1pathogen
- Second interactor
- Bacillus amyloquafasciens D747e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- tan spot severitiese0
- Direction
- lowe0
- Setting
- greenhousee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Diseases of Wheat”
e0“Results from the greenhouse and field study showed significant tan spot disease control in the greenhouse with low tan spot severities in cones treated with pyraclostrobin, Bacillus subtilis QST713, Bacillus amyloquafasciens D747, Streptomyces lydicus Wyec 108”
e1“The treated and non-treated seeds planted in the greenhouse and inoculated with P. tritici-repentis at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after planting (DAP)”
Claim · model-written summary
Streptomyces lydicus WYEC 108 gave significant tan spot disease control in the greenhouse, with low tan spot severities in treated cones.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Streptomyces lydicus Wyec 108e0
- Interactor
- P. tritici-repentisPyrenophora tritici-repentise1pathogen
- Second interactor
- Streptomyces lydicus Wyec 108Streptomyces lydicuse0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- tan spot severitiese0
- Direction
- lowe0
- Setting
- greenhousee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Diseases of Wheat”
e0“Results from the greenhouse and field study showed significant tan spot disease control in the greenhouse with low tan spot severities in cones treated with pyraclostrobin, Bacillus subtilis QST713, Bacillus amyloquafasciens D747, Streptomyces lydicus Wyec 108”
e1“The treated and non-treated seeds planted in the greenhouse and inoculated with P. tritici-repentis at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after planting (DAP)”
Claim · model-written summary
Azadirachtin had no significant effect on tan spot disease in wheat.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Azadirachtine0
- Outcome
- tan spot diseasee0
- Direction
- not significante0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Diseases of Wheat”
e0“Azadirachtin was not significant at managing the tan spot disease or improving the plant greenness”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant greenness of wheat was significantly higher in treated plots than in untreated plots.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- treated plotse0
- Outcome
- greennesse0
- Direction
- higher green ratingse0
- Comparator
- the untreatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Diseases of Wheat”
e0“Plant vigor was also significantly increased in terms of greenness with the treated plots having higher green ratings than the untreated”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield of wheat was significantly higher in plots treated with microbial pesticides than in control and untreated plots.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- microbial pesticidese0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- significantly highe0
- Comparator
- the control/untreated plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Diseases of Wheat”
e0“Likewise, yield was significantly high in plots treated with microbial pesticides than in the control/untreated plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Thirty of ninety Pyrenophora tritici-repentis isolates were insensitive to picoxystrobin in mycelia assays.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- Pyrenphora tritici repentise1pathogen
- Outcome
- insensitivity to picoxystrobine0
- Value
- thirty out of the ninetye0
- Setting
- North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, and Kansase1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Diseases of Wheat”
e0“From the mycelia assays, thirty out of the ninety isolates tested in microtiter plate assays showed insensitivity to picoxystrobin half and full rates with and without Salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM)”
e1“In a study to establish the sensitivity of Pyrenphora tritici repentis to fungicides, ninety isolates collected from North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, and Kansas were tested for sensitivity”
Claim · model-written summary
Spore germination of five Ptr isolates occurred on all fungicides tested.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- Ptre0pathogen
- Outcome
- germination of all isolatese0
- Qualifier
- on all fungicidese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Diseases of Wheat”
e0“Further assessments of the five Ptr isolates involving spores showed germination of all isolates on all fungicides with picoxystrobin having the highest percentage spore germination”
Claim · model-written summary
Picoxystrobin gave the highest spore germination of Ptr isolates among the fungicides tested.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- picoxystrobine0
- Interactor
- Ptre0pathogen
- Outcome
- percentage spore germinatione0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Diseases of Wheat”
e0“Further assessments of the five Ptr isolates involving spores showed germination of all isolates on all fungicides with picoxystrobin having the highest percentage spore germination”
Claim · model-written summary
The double rate of the fungicides gave the least spore germination percentage across all isolates tested.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- double rate of the fungicidese0
- Outcome
- germination percentagee0
- Direction
- leaste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Diseases of Wheat”
e0“The double rate of the fungicides had the least germination percentage for all the isolates tested”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) nullified spore germination when added to picoxystrobin.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM)e0
- Outcome
- Spore germinatione0
- Direction
- nullifiede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Diseases of Wheat”
e0“Spore germination was nullified when the fungicide picoxystrobin was amended with Salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM)”
Claim · model-written summary
The prior insensitivity of Ptr to picoxystrobin is attributed to Ptr evading the cytochrome b site of QoI action in the absence of SHAM.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- Ptre0pathogen
- Outcome
- insensitivitye0
- Qualifier
- evading the cytochrome b site of QoI actione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Diseases of Wheat”
e0“the prior registered insensitivity was a result Ptr evading the cytochrome b site of QoI action in the absence of SHAM”
The same questions in other papers
salicylhydroxamic acid · disease · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
Bacillus subtilis · Pyrenophora tritici-repentis · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
picoxystrobin · disease · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
fungicide · growth · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
41 papers in the same direction as this paper · 11 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- no effect
49 papers more in this group
See all 53 papers →insecticide · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
50 papers in the same direction as this paper · 16 in the opposite direction · 2 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- negative
65 papers more in this group
See all 69 papers →fungicide · Pyrenophora tritici-repentis · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- positive
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →fungicide · disease · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
134 papers in the same direction as this paper · 19 in the opposite direction · 3 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- no effect
- no effect
153 papers more in this group
See all 157 papers →fungicide · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
231 papers in the same direction as this paper · 30 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- no effect
258 papers more in this group
See all 262 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.