Abstract
Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient for human health, entering the diet mainly through the consumption of plant material. Members of the Brassicaceae are Se-accumulators that can accumulate up to 1g Se kg−1 dry weight (DW) from the environment without apparent ill effect. The Brassicaceae also produce glucosinolates (GSLs), sulfur (S)-rich compounds that benefit human health. Radish (Raphanus sativus) has a unique GSL profile and is a Se-accumulating species that is part of the human diet as sprouts, greens and roots. In this report we describe the effects of Se-fertilisation on GSL production in radish during five stages of early development (from seed to mature salad greens) and on the transcript abundance of eight genes encoding enzymes involved in GSL metabolism. We tentatively identified (by tandem mass spectrometry) the selenium-containing glucosinolate, 4-(methylseleno)but-3-enyl glucosinolate, with the double bond geometry not resolved. Two related isothiocyanates were tentatively identified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry as (E/Z?) isomers of 4-(methylseleno)but-3-enyl isothiocyanate. Se fertilisation of mature radish led to the presence of selenoglucosinolates in the seed. While GSL concentration generally reduced during radish development, GSL content was generally not affected by Se fertilisation, aside from the indole GSL, indol-3-ylmethyl glucosinolate, which increased on Se treatment, and the Se-GSLs, which significantly increased during development. The transcript abundance of genes involved in aliphatic GSL biosynthesis declined with Se treatment while that of genes involved in indole GSL biosynthesis tended to increase. APS kinase transcript abundance increased significantly in three of the four developmental stages following Se treatment. The remaining genes investigated were not significantly changed following Se treatment. We hypothesise that increased APS kinase expression in response to Se treatment is part of a general protection mechanism controlling the uptake of S and the production of S-containing compounds such as GSLs. The upregulation of genes encoding enzymes involved in indole GSL biosynthesis and a decrease in those involved in aliphatic GSL biosynthesis may be part of a similar mechanism protecting the plant’s GSL complement whilst limiting the amount of Se-GSLs produced.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
A selenium-containing glucosinolate was tentatively identified in radish.
- Taxon
- Radish
Raphanus sativust0 - Outcome
- 4-(methylseleno)but-3-enyl glucosinolatee0
- Qualifier
- tentatively identifiede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We tentatively identified (by tandem mass spectrometry) the selenium-containing glucosinolate, 4-(methylseleno)but-3-enyl glucosinolate”
t0“Radish (Raphanus sativus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Two isothiocyanate isomers were tentatively identified.
- Taxon
- RadishRaphanus sativust0
- Outcome
- (E/Z?) isomers of 4-(methylseleno)but-3-enyl isothiocyanatee0
- Qualifier
- tentatively identifiede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Two related isothiocyanates were tentatively identified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry as (E/Z?) isomers of 4-(methylseleno)but-3-enyl isothiocyanate”
t0“Radish (Raphanus sativus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Selenium fertilisation of mature radish produced selenoglucosinolates in seed.
- Taxon
- radishRaphanus sativuse0
- Organ / stage
- seede0
- Treatment
- Se fertilisatione0
- Outcome
- presence of selenoglucosinolatese0
- Direction
- presencee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Se fertilisation of mature radish led to the presence of selenoglucosinolates in the seed”
Claim · model-written summary
Glucosinolate concentration generally declined over radish development.
- Taxon
- radishRaphanus sativuse0
- Organ / stage
- radish developmente0
- Outcome
- GSL concentratione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GSL concentration generally reduced during radish development”
Claim · model-written summary
Selenium fertilisation generally did not affect glucosinolate content.
- Taxon
- RadishRaphanus sativust0
- Treatment
- Se fertilisatione0
- Outcome
- GSL contente0
- Direction
- not affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GSL content was generally not affected by Se fertilisation”
t0“Radish (Raphanus sativus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Selenium increased indol-3-ylmethyl glucosinolate.
- Taxon
- RadishRaphanus sativust0
- Treatment
- Se treatmente0
- Outcome
- indol-3-ylmethyl glucosinolatee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“indol-3-ylmethyl glucosinolate, which increased on Se treatment”
t0“Radish (Raphanus sativus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Selenium glucosinolates significantly increased during development.
- Taxon
- RadishRaphanus sativust0
- Organ / stage
- developmente0
- Outcome
- Se-GSLse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Se-GSLs, which significantly increased during development”
t0“Radish (Raphanus sativus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Selenium reduced transcript abundance of aliphatic GSL biosynthesis genes.
- Taxon
- RadishRaphanus sativust0
- Treatment
- Se treatmente0
- Gene
- genes involved in aliphatic GSL biosynthesise0
- Outcome
- transcript abundancee0
- Direction
- declinede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The transcript abundance of genes involved in aliphatic GSL biosynthesis declined with Se treatment”
t0“Radish (Raphanus sativus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Selenium tended to increase transcript abundance of indole GSL biosynthesis genes.
- Taxon
- RadishRaphanus sativust1
- Treatment
- Se treatmentt0
- Outcome
- genes involved in indole GSL biosynthesise0
- Direction
- tended to increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“that of genes involved in indole GSL biosynthesis tended to increase”
t0“declined with Se treatment”
t1“Radish (Raphanus sativus)”
Claim · model-written summary
APS kinase transcript abundance increased significantly in three of four stages following selenium treatment.
- Taxon
- RadishRaphanus sativust0
- Treatment
- Se treatmente0
- Gene
- APS kinasee0
- Outcome
- transcript abundancee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- three of the four developmental stagese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“APS kinase transcript abundance increased significantly in three of the four developmental stages following Se treatment”
t0“Radish (Raphanus sativus)”
Claim · model-written summary
Other investigated genes were not significantly changed by selenium treatment.
- Taxon
- RadishRaphanus sativust0
- Treatment
- Se treatmente0
- Outcome
- remaining genes investigatede0
- Direction
- not significantly changede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The remaining genes investigated were not significantly changed following Se treatment”
t0“Radish (Raphanus sativus)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors hypothesize that APS kinase expression helps control sulfur uptake and sulfur-containing compound production.
- Taxon
- RadishRaphanus sativust0
- Gene
- APS kinasee0
- Outcome
- uptake of S and the production of S-containing compoundse0
- Qualifier
- general protection mechanisme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We hypothesise that increased APS kinase expression in response to Se treatment is part of a general protection mechanism controlling the uptake of S and the production of S-containing compounds such as GSLs”
t0“Radish (Raphanus sativus)”
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