Abstract
The present study was conducted to improve the managing of the irrigation regime to develop agriculture to be more efficient and sustainable. As the main scope of the study was to investigate the overall effect of deficit irrigation and planting methods on wheat yield and some water relations in North Nile Delta. Wheat was grown in an experimental field at Sakha Agricultural Research Station, Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate(31° 05’ N latitude and 30° 56’ E longitude), Egypt. The treatments were arranged in a split-split plot design with four replicates. The main treatments were three planting methods of basin, furrow and bed. The sub-treatments were four levels of N fertilizer i. e. 60, 75, 90 and 105 kg nitrogen fed.-1 . The sub-sub treatments were assigned by three levels of soil moisture depletion namely: 45, 60 and 75 % depletion of available water(AW). The main results in this study can be summarized as follows: 1- The highest and lowest average values of the wheat grain yield(2791 and 2698 kg fed.-1), water productivity WP (2.12 and 1.95 kg m-3) and irrigation water productivity IWP(1.45 and 1.17 kg m-3) were achieved with the bed and flat planting methods, respectively during the 1st growing season. The bed planting method increased water productivity(WP) and irrigation water productivity (IWP) by 8.71 and 23.9%, respectively compared to the basin planting method for the soil moisture depletion of 45% during the1st growing season. The 2nd growing season had the same previous trend 2- The bed planting method accomplished the lowest average values of irrigation water applied(1973 and 1983 m3fed.-1) and water consumptive use (1332 and 1335 m3fed.-1) while, the highest average values of irrigation water applied(2395 and 2409 m3fed.-1) and water consumptive use (1437 and 1442 m3fed.-1) were given with the basin planting method for soil moisture depletion of 45% in the two growing seasons. Using the bed planting method saved about 17.6% of irrigation water applied compared to the basin planting method. 3- The soil moisture depletion of 45% recorded the highest average values of wheat grain yield(2942 and 2969 kg fed.-1), WP (2.13 and 2.14 kg m-3) and IWP(1.36 and 1.36 kg m-3) while, the soil moisture depletion of 75% attained the lowest average values of wheat grain yield(2551 and 2574 kg fed.-1), WP (1.93 and 1.94 kg m-3) and IWP(1.25 and 1.28 kg m-3) during the 1st and 2nd growing seasons, respectively. However, deficit irrigation (irrigating the wheat crop at depletion 45% of available water) increased wheat grain yield, water productivity and irrigation water productivity by 15.3, 10.4 and 8.8% compared to irrigating the wheat crop at depletion 75% of available water. 4- Application of 90 kg N fed.-1 for wheat crop achieved the highest average values of wheat grain yield(3136 kg fed.-1), WP (2.28 kg m-3) and IWP(1.46 kg m-3) for 1st growing season. Application of 90 kg N fed.-1 for wheat crop achieved the highest average values of wheat grain yield(3136 kg fed.-1), WP (2.28 kg m-3) and IWP(1.46 kg m-3) for 1st growing season, whereas the minimum average values of wheat grain yield in the two growing seasons were obtained with the lower applications of N fertilizer level (60 and 75 kg fed.-1). 5- It is recommended to use the bed planting method and application of 90 kg N fed.-1 in addition to irrigation of the wheat crop at depletion 45% of available water to obtain the highest values of wheat grain yield, water productivity (WP) and irrigation water productivity (IWP) in addition to save about 16.9 % of irrigation water applied.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Bed planting gave the highest wheat grain yield, 2791 kg fed.-1, versus 2698 under flat planting in season one.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- bede0
- Outcome
- wheat grain yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 2791 and 2698 kg fed.-1e0
- Qualifier
- during the 1st growing seasone0
- Comparator
- flat planting methodse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest and lowest average values of the wheat grain yield(2791 and 2698 kg fed.-1), water productivity WP (2.12 and 1.95 kg m-3) and irrigation water productivity IWP(1.45 and 1.17 kg m-3) were achieved with the bed and flat planting methods, respectively during the 1st growing season.”
t0“WHEAT”
Claim · model-written summary
Bed planting gave higher water productivity than flat planting in season one.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- bede0
- Outcome
- water productivity WPe0
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 2.12 and 1.95 kg m-3e0
- Comparator
- flat planting methodse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“water productivity WP (2.12 and 1.95 kg m-3) and irrigation water productivity IWP(1.45 and 1.17 kg m-3) were achieved with the bed and flat planting methods, respectively during the 1st growing season.”
t0“WHEAT”
Claim · model-written summary
Bed planting gave higher irrigation water productivity than flat planting in season one.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- bede0
- Outcome
- irrigation water productivity IWPe0
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 1.45 and 1.17 kg m-3e0
- Comparator
- flat planting methodse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“irrigation water productivity IWP(1.45 and 1.17 kg m-3) were achieved with the bed and flat planting methods, respectively during the 1st growing season.”
t0“WHEAT”
Claim · model-written summary
Bed planting increased water productivity by 8.71% against basin planting at 45% depletion.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- bed planting methode0
- Outcome
- water productivity(WP)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 8.71 and 23.9%e0
- Comparator
- basin planting methode0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The bed planting method increased water productivity(WP) and irrigation water productivity (IWP) by 8.71 and 23.9%, respectively compared to the basin planting method for the soil moisture depletion of 45% during the1st growing season.”
t0“WHEAT”
Claim · model-written summary
Bed planting increased irrigation water productivity by 23.9% against basin planting at 45% depletion.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- bed planting methode0
- Outcome
- irrigation water productivity (IWP)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 23.9%e0
- Comparator
- basin planting methode0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The bed planting method increased water productivity(WP) and irrigation water productivity (IWP) by 8.71 and 23.9%, respectively compared to the basin planting method for the soil moisture depletion of 45% during the1st growing season.”
t0“WHEAT”
Claim · model-written summary
The same planting-method trend held in the second season.
- Taxon
- WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- same previous trende0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 2nd growing season had the same previous trend”
t0“WHEAT”
Claim · model-written summary
Bed planting used the least irrigation water, 1973 and 1983 m3fed.-1, versus basin planting at 45% depletion.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- bed planting methode0
- Outcome
- irrigation water appliede0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 1973 and 1983 m3fed.-1e0
- Comparator
- basin planting methode0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The bed planting method accomplished the lowest average values of irrigation water applied(1973 and 1983 m3fed.-1) and water consumptive use (1332 and 1335 m3fed.-1) while, the highest average values of irrigation water applied(2395 and 2409 m3fed.-1) and water consumptive use (1437 and 1442 m3fed.-1) were given with the basin planting method for soil moisture depletion of 45% in the two growing seasons.”
t0“WHEAT”
Claim · model-written summary
Bed planting had the lowest water consumptive use, 1332 and 1335 m3fed.-1, at 45% depletion.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- bed planting methode0
- Outcome
- water consumptive usee0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 1332 and 1335 m3fed.-1e0
- Comparator
- basin planting methode0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The bed planting method accomplished the lowest average values of irrigation water applied(1973 and 1983 m3fed.-1) and water consumptive use (1332 and 1335 m3fed.-1) while, the highest average values of irrigation water applied(2395 and 2409 m3fed.-1) and water consumptive use (1437 and 1442 m3fed.-1) were given with the basin planting method for soil moisture depletion of 45% in the two growing seasons.”
t0“WHEAT”
Claim · model-written summary
Bed planting saved about 17.6% irrigation water against basin planting.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- bed planting methode0
- Outcome
- irrigation water appliede0
- Direction
- savede0
- Value
- 17.6%e0
- Comparator
- basin planting methode0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Using the bed planting method saved about 17.6% of irrigation water applied compared to the basin planting method.”
t0“WHEAT”
Claim · model-written summary
At 45% depletion wheat grain yield was highest, versus lowest at 75% depletion.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- soil moisture depletion of 45%e0
- Outcome
- wheat grain yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 2942 and 2969 kg fed.-1e0
- Comparator
- soil moisture depletion of 75%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The soil moisture depletion of 45% recorded the highest average values of wheat grain yield(2942 and 2969 kg fed.-1), WP (2.13 and 2.14 kg m-3) and IWP(1.36 and 1.36 kg m-3) while, the soil moisture depletion of 75% attained the lowest average values of wheat grain yield(2551 and 2574 kg fed.-1), WP (1.93 and 1.94 kg m-3) and IWP(1.25 and 1.28 kg m-3) during the 1st and 2nd growing seasons, respectively.”
t0“WHEAT”
Claim · model-written summary
At 45% depletion water productivity was highest, versus lowest at 75% depletion.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- soil moisture depletion of 45%e0
- Outcome
- WPe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 2.13 and 2.14 kg m-3e0
- Comparator
- soil moisture depletion of 75%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The soil moisture depletion of 45% recorded the highest average values of wheat grain yield(2942 and 2969 kg fed.-1), WP (2.13 and 2.14 kg m-3) and IWP(1.36 and 1.36 kg m-3) while, the soil moisture depletion of 75% attained the lowest average values of wheat grain yield(2551 and 2574 kg fed.-1), WP (1.93 and 1.94 kg m-3) and IWP(1.25 and 1.28 kg m-3) during the 1st and 2nd growing seasons, respectively.”
t0“WHEAT”
Claim · model-written summary
At 45% depletion irrigation water productivity was highest, versus lowest at 75% depletion.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- soil moisture depletion of 45%e0
- Outcome
- IWPe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 1.36 and 1.36 kg m-3e0
- Comparator
- soil moisture depletion of 75%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The soil moisture depletion of 45% recorded the highest average values of wheat grain yield(2942 and 2969 kg fed.-1), WP (2.13 and 2.14 kg m-3) and IWP(1.36 and 1.36 kg m-3) while, the soil moisture depletion of 75% attained the lowest average values of wheat grain yield(2551 and 2574 kg fed.-1), WP (1.93 and 1.94 kg m-3) and IWP(1.25 and 1.28 kg m-3) during the 1st and 2nd growing seasons, respectively.”
t0“WHEAT”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation at 45% depletion increased grain yield by 15.3% versus 75%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- irrigating the wheat crop at depletion 45% of available watere0
- Outcome
- wheat grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 15.3e0
- Comparator
- irrigating the wheat crop at depletion 75% of available watere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“deficit irrigation (irrigating the wheat crop at depletion 45% of available water) increased wheat grain yield, water productivity and irrigation water productivity by 15.3, 10.4 and 8.8% compared to irrigating the wheat crop at depletion 75% of available water.”
t0“WHEAT”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation at 45% depletion increased water productivity by 10.4% versus 75%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- irrigating the wheat crop at depletion 45% of available watere0
- Outcome
- water productivitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 10.4e0
- Comparator
- irrigating the wheat crop at depletion 75% of available watere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“deficit irrigation (irrigating the wheat crop at depletion 45% of available water) increased wheat grain yield, water productivity and irrigation water productivity by 15.3, 10.4 and 8.8% compared to irrigating the wheat crop at depletion 75% of available water.”
t0“WHEAT”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation at 45% depletion increased irrigation water productivity by 8.8% versus 75%.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- irrigating the wheat crop at depletion 45% of available watere0
- Outcome
- irrigation water productivitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 8.8%e0
- Comparator
- irrigating the wheat crop at depletion 75% of available watere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“deficit irrigation (irrigating the wheat crop at depletion 45% of available water) increased wheat grain yield, water productivity and irrigation water productivity by 15.3, 10.4 and 8.8% compared to irrigating the wheat crop at depletion 75% of available water.”
t0“WHEAT”
Claim · model-written summary
At 90 kg N fed.-1 wheat grain yield peaked at 3136 kg fed.-1 in season one.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 90 kg N fed.-1e0
- Outcome
- wheat grain yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 3136 kg fed.-1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of 90 kg N fed.-1 for wheat crop achieved the highest average values of wheat grain yield(3136 kg fed.-1), WP (2.28 kg m-3) and IWP(1.46 kg m-3) for 1st growing season.”
t0“WHEAT”
Claim · model-written summary
At 90 kg N fed.-1 wheat water productivity peaked at 2.28 kg m-3 in season one.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 90 kg N fed.-1e0
- Outcome
- WPe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 2.28 kg m-3e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of 90 kg N fed.-1 for wheat crop achieved the highest average values of wheat grain yield(3136 kg fed.-1), WP (2.28 kg m-3) and IWP(1.46 kg m-3) for 1st growing season.”
t0“WHEAT”
Claim · model-written summary
At 90 kg N fed.-1 wheat irrigation water productivity peaked at 1.46 kg m-3 in season one.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 90 kg N fed.-1e0
- Outcome
- IWPe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 1.46 kg m-3e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of 90 kg N fed.-1 for wheat crop achieved the highest average values of wheat grain yield(3136 kg fed.-1), WP (2.28 kg m-3) and IWP(1.46 kg m-3) for 1st growing season.”
t0“WHEAT”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower nitrogen applications of 60 and 75 kg fed.-1 gave minimum grain yields in both seasons.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- lower applications of N fertilizer level (60 and 75 kg fed.-1)e0
- Outcome
- wheat grain yielde0
- Direction
- minimume0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the minimum average values of wheat grain yield in the two growing seasons were obtained with the lower applications of N fertilizer level (60 and 75 kg fed.-1).”
t0“WHEAT”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend bed planting, 90 kg N fed.-1, and irrigation at 45% depletion for wheat yield and water productivity.
- Taxon
- WHEATTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- use the bed planting method and application of 90 kg N fed.-1 in addition to irrigation of the wheat crop at depletion 45% of available watere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It is recommended to use the bed planting method and application of 90 kg N fed.-1 in addition to irrigation of the wheat crop at depletion 45% of available water to obtain the highest values of wheat grain yield, water productivity (WP) and irrigation water productivity (IWP) in addition to save about 16.9 % of irrigation water applied.”
t0“WHEAT”
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