Abstract
Fusarium head blight caused by the hemibiotrophic fungus Fusarium graminearum is one of the most devastating diseases of wheat which reduces both grain yield and quality. To better understand mechanism underlying wheat resistance to this pathogen, the expressions of five candidate genes encoding phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), glucanase-2 (Gl 2), class IV chitinase (Cht-4), cytochrome P450 (CYP), and pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR) following spike inoculation with F. graminearum was compared in susceptible cv. Falat and resistant cv. Sumai3 at three time points (48, 96, 144 h after inoculation). Real-time quantitative PCR analysis indicated earlier and greater inductions of PAL, Glu-2, and Cht-4 in spikes of 'Sumai3' as compared to 'Falat' in response to F. graminearum inoculation. The expression of CYP in the resistant 'Sumai3' was about three times higher than in 'Falat' at 144 h after pathogen inoculation. Moreover, soil drench application of sodium salicylate (SA) one day before pathogen inoculation drastically curtailed pathogen infection in both the cultivars. Furthermore, SA treatment caused an induction of these genes in spikes of the susceptible cultivar to show a similar pattern as in the resistant one when inoculated with F. graminearum. Proteomics analysis of F. graminearum treated spikes 96 h after inoculation confirmed an increase of Glu and Cht spot volume in 'Sumai3' whereas a decrease in 'Falat'. The SA treatment also caused significant increases in Glu and Cht spot volumes in both the cultivars. Our findings show an association between SA improvement of wheat defense against F. graminearum infection and induction of genes encoding proteins involved in pathogen response (Glu-2, Cht-4), secondary metabolite biosyntheses (PAL), and xenobiotic detoxification (CYP and PDR).
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
PAL, Glu-2 and Cht-4 were induced earlier and more strongly in Sumai3 than Falat after pathogen inoculation.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Material
- Sumai3e0
- Organ / stage
- spikese0
- Treatment
- F. graminearum inoculatione0
- Interactor
- F. graminearum
_on_Corn_(Zea_mays)_at_Waimea%2C_Hawaii.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium graminearume0pathogen - Gene
- PAL, Glu-2, and Cht-4e0
- Outcome
- inductions of PAL, Glu-2, and Cht-4e0
- Direction
- earlier and greatere0
- Comparator
- Falate0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_on_Corn_(Zea_mays)_at_Waimea%2C_Hawaii.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“earlier and greater inductions of PAL, Glu-2, and Cht-4 in spikes of 'Sumai3' as compared to 'Falat' in response to F. graminearum inoculation”
t0“wheat spikes”
Claim · model-written summary
CYP expression in Sumai3 was about three times that in Falat at 144 hours after pathogen inoculation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Sumai3e0
- Treatment
- pathogen inoculatione0
- Gene
- CYPe0
- Outcome
- expression of CYPe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- about three timese0
- Qualifier
- 144 h after pathogen inoculatione0
- Comparator
- Falate0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The expression of CYP in the resistant 'Sumai3' was about three times higher than in 'Falat' at 144 h after pathogen inoculation”
t0“wheat spikes”
Claim · model-written summary
Sodium salicylate soil drench before inoculation sharply reduced pathogen infection in both cultivars.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- soil drench application of sodium salicylate (SA)e0
- Interactor
- Fusarium graminearumFusarium graminearumt1pathogen
- Outcome
- pathogen infectione0
- Direction
- curtailede0
- Qualifier
- one day before pathogen inoculatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil drench application of sodium salicylate (SA) one day before pathogen inoculation drastically curtailed pathogen infection in both the cultivars”
t0“wheat spikes”
t1“Fusarium graminearum”
Claim · model-written summary
Sodium salicylate induced the candidate defense genes in susceptible spikes to resemble the resistant cultivar after inoculation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- spikese0
- Treatment
- SA treatmente0
- Interactor
- F. graminearumFusarium graminearume0pathogen
- Outcome
- induction of these genese0
- Direction
- inductione0
- Comparator
- resistant onee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SA treatment caused an induction of these genes in spikes of the susceptible cultivar to show a similar pattern as in the resistant one when inoculated with F. graminearum”
e1“five candidate genes encoding phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), glucanase-2 (Gl 2), class IV chitinase (Cht-4), cytochrome P450 (CYP), and pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR)”
t0“wheat spikes”
Claim · model-written summary
After Fusarium treatment, Glu and Cht protein spot volumes increased in Sumai3 but decreased in Falat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Sumai3e0
- Interactor
- F. graminearumFusarium graminearume0pathogen
- Gene
- Glu and Chte0
- Outcome
- Glu and Cht spot volumee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- 96 h after inoculatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Proteomics analysis of F. graminearum treated spikes 96 h after inoculation confirmed an increase of Glu and Cht spot volume in 'Sumai3' whereas a decrease in 'Falat'”
t0“wheat spikes”
Claim · model-written summary
Sodium salicylate significantly increased Glu and Cht spot volumes in both cultivars.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- SA treatmente0
- Gene
- Glu and Chte0
- Outcome
- Glu and Cht spot volumese0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The SA treatment also caused significant increases in Glu and Cht spot volumes in both the cultivars”
t0“wheat spikes”
Claim · model-written summary
Improved wheat defense following SA was associated with induction of pathogen response, secondary metabolism and detoxification genes.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- SAe0
- Interactor
- F. graminearumFusarium graminearume0pathogen
- Gene
- Glu-2, Cht-4e0
- Outcome
- wheat defense against F. graminearum infectione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an association between SA improvement of wheat defense against F. graminearum infection and induction of genes encoding proteins involved in pathogen response (Glu-2, Cht-4), secondary metabolite biosyntheses (PAL), and xenobiotic detoxification (CYP and PDR)”
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