Abstract
Elevated mineral fertilization may change the composition and increase the availability of soil phosphorus (P) in subtropical paddy soils and thus affect long-term plant growth. However, an understanding of the response of soil P fractions to long-term nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) additions remains elusive. This study aimed to explore the responses of soil P-fractions and their mobility to different long-term chemical fertilization rates under a double rice cropping system. The rates of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in the low NPK treatment (LNPK) were 90, 45, and 75 kg ha−1 year−1, respectively, and in the high NPK treatment (HNPK), they were 180, 90, and 150 kg ha−1 year−1, respectively. The results showed that the concentrations of soil organic matter (SOM), total P, Olsen P, total N, and mineral N were remarkably increased under HNPK by 17.46%, 162.66%, 721.16%, 104.42%, and 414.46%, respectively, compared with those under control (CT). Compared to the CT P fractions, HNPK increased the labile P fractions (i.e., NaHCO3-Pi and NaHCO3-Po) by 322.25% and 83.53% and the moderately labile P fractions (i.e., NaOH-Pi, NaOH-Po and HCl. dil. Pi) by 163.54%, 183.78%, and 3167.25% respectively, while the non-labile P was decreased by the HNPK addition. P uptake and grain yield were increased by LNPK and HNPK by 10.02% and 35.20%, respectively, compared with CT. P use efficiency indices were also higher under HNPK than under LNPK. There was a strong positive relationship between grain yield and P use efficiency (R2 = 0.97). A redundancy analysis (RDA) showed a strong correlation between soil chemical properties and the labile and moderately labile P pools. Structural equation modeling (SEM) revealed that SOM, mineral N, and available P strongly control the labile P pool. In conclusion, NPK additions under the paddy soils significantly influences the soil P fractions. The soil P dynamics and the mechanisms governing the interactions between plants and soil nutrients are clearly explained in this study.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Under high NPK (HNPK) the soil soil organic matter (SOM) concentration was increased by 17.46% compared with the control (CT) in a double rice cropping system.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- HNPKe1
- Outcome
- soil organic matter (SOM)e1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 17.46%e1
- Comparator
- control (CT)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“double rice cropping system”
e1“the concentrations of soil organic matter (SOM), total P, Olsen P, total N, and mineral N were remarkably increased under HNPK by 17.46%, 162.66%, 721.16%, 104.42%, and 414.46%, respectively, compared with those under control (CT)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under high NPK (HNPK) the soil total P concentration was increased by 162.66% compared with the control (CT) in a double rice cropping system.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- HNPKe1
- Outcome
- total Pe1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 162.66%e1
- Comparator
- control (CT)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“double rice cropping system”
e1“the concentrations of soil organic matter (SOM), total P, Olsen P, total N, and mineral N were remarkably increased under HNPK by 17.46%, 162.66%, 721.16%, 104.42%, and 414.46%, respectively, compared with those under control (CT)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under high NPK (HNPK) the soil Olsen P concentration was increased by 721.16% compared with the control (CT) in a double rice cropping system.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- HNPKe1
- Outcome
- Olsen Pe1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 721.16%e1
- Comparator
- control (CT)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“double rice cropping system”
e1“the concentrations of soil organic matter (SOM), total P, Olsen P, total N, and mineral N were remarkably increased under HNPK by 17.46%, 162.66%, 721.16%, 104.42%, and 414.46%, respectively, compared with those under control (CT)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under high NPK (HNPK) the soil total N concentration was increased by 104.42% compared with the control (CT) in a double rice cropping system.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- HNPKe1
- Outcome
- total Ne1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 104.42%e1
- Comparator
- control (CT)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“double rice cropping system”
e1“the concentrations of soil organic matter (SOM), total P, Olsen P, total N, and mineral N were remarkably increased under HNPK by 17.46%, 162.66%, 721.16%, 104.42%, and 414.46%, respectively, compared with those under control (CT)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under high NPK (HNPK) the soil mineral N concentration was increased by 414.46% compared with the control (CT) in a double rice cropping system.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- HNPKe1
- Outcome
- mineral Ne1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 414.46%e1
- Comparator
- control (CT)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“double rice cropping system”
e1“the concentrations of soil organic matter (SOM), total P, Olsen P, total N, and mineral N were remarkably increased under HNPK by 17.46%, 162.66%, 721.16%, 104.42%, and 414.46%, respectively, compared with those under control (CT)”
Claim · model-written summary
HNPK increased soil NaHCO3-Pi by 322.25% compared with the control (CT) P fractions in a double rice cropping system.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- HNPKe1
- Outcome
- NaHCO3-Pie1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 322.25%e1
- Comparator
- CT P fractionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“double rice cropping system”
e1“Compared to the CT P fractions, HNPK increased the labile P fractions (i.e., NaHCO3-Pi and NaHCO3-Po) by 322.25% and 83.53% and the moderately labile P fractions (i.e., NaOH-Pi, NaOH-Po and HCl. dil. Pi) by 163.54%, 183.78%, and 3167.25% respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
HNPK increased soil NaHCO3-Po by 83.53% compared with the control (CT) P fractions in a double rice cropping system.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- HNPKe1
- Outcome
- NaHCO3-Poe1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 83.53%e1
- Comparator
- CT P fractionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“double rice cropping system”
e1“Compared to the CT P fractions, HNPK increased the labile P fractions (i.e., NaHCO3-Pi and NaHCO3-Po) by 322.25% and 83.53% and the moderately labile P fractions (i.e., NaOH-Pi, NaOH-Po and HCl. dil. Pi) by 163.54%, 183.78%, and 3167.25% respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
HNPK increased soil NaOH-Pi by 163.54% compared with the control (CT) P fractions in a double rice cropping system.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- HNPKe1
- Outcome
- NaOH-Pie1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 163.54%e1
- Comparator
- CT P fractionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“double rice cropping system”
e1“Compared to the CT P fractions, HNPK increased the labile P fractions (i.e., NaHCO3-Pi and NaHCO3-Po) by 322.25% and 83.53% and the moderately labile P fractions (i.e., NaOH-Pi, NaOH-Po and HCl. dil. Pi) by 163.54%, 183.78%, and 3167.25% respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
HNPK increased soil NaOH-Po by 183.78% compared with the control (CT) P fractions in a double rice cropping system.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- HNPKe1
- Outcome
- NaOH-Poe1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 183.78%e1
- Comparator
- CT P fractionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“double rice cropping system”
e1“Compared to the CT P fractions, HNPK increased the labile P fractions (i.e., NaHCO3-Pi and NaHCO3-Po) by 322.25% and 83.53% and the moderately labile P fractions (i.e., NaOH-Pi, NaOH-Po and HCl. dil. Pi) by 163.54%, 183.78%, and 3167.25% respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
HNPK increased soil HCl. dil. Pi by 3167.25% compared with the control (CT) P fractions in a double rice cropping system.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- HNPKe1
- Outcome
- HCl. dil. Pie1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 3167.25%e1
- Comparator
- CT P fractionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“double rice cropping system”
e1“Compared to the CT P fractions, HNPK increased the labile P fractions (i.e., NaHCO3-Pi and NaHCO3-Po) by 322.25% and 83.53% and the moderately labile P fractions (i.e., NaOH-Pi, NaOH-Po and HCl. dil. Pi) by 163.54%, 183.78%, and 3167.25% respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Non-labile soil P was decreased by HNPK addition.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- HNPKe1
- Outcome
- non-labile Pe1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“double rice cropping system”
e1“while the non-labile P was decreased by the HNPK addition”
Claim · model-written summary
LNPK increased P uptake and grain yield by 10.02% compared with the control (CT) in double rice cropping (the values are reported jointly for the two outcomes, respectively for LNPK and HNPK).
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- LNPKe1
- Outcome
- P uptake and grain yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 10.02%e1
- Comparator
- CTe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“double rice cropping system”
e1“P uptake and grain yield were increased by LNPK and HNPK by 10.02% and 35.20%, respectively, compared with CT”
Claim · model-written summary
HNPK increased P uptake and grain yield by 35.20% compared with the control (CT) in double rice cropping (the values are reported jointly for the two outcomes, respectively for LNPK and HNPK).
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- HNPKe1
- Outcome
- P uptake and grain yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 35.20%e1
- Comparator
- CTe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“double rice cropping system”
e1“P uptake and grain yield were increased by LNPK and HNPK by 10.02% and 35.20%, respectively, compared with CT”
Claim · model-written summary
P use efficiency indices were higher under HNPK than under LNPK.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- HNPKe1
- Outcome
- P use efficiency indicese1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- LNPKe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“double rice cropping system”
e1“P use efficiency indices were also higher under HNPK than under LNPK”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield and P use efficiency were strongly positively related (R2 = 0.97).
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- positivee1
- Value
- R2 = 0.97e1
- Comparator
- P use efficiencye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“double rice cropping system”
e1“There was a strong positive relationship between grain yield and P use efficiency (R2 = 0.97)”
Claim · model-written summary
Redundancy analysis showed a strong correlation between soil chemical properties and the labile and moderately labile P pools.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- labile and moderately labile P poolse1
- Comparator
- soil chemical propertiese1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“double rice cropping system”
e1“A redundancy analysis (RDA) showed a strong correlation between soil chemical properties and the labile and moderately labile P pools”
Claim · model-written summary
Structural equation modeling indicated that SOM, mineral N and available P strongly control the labile P pool.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Compound
- SOM, mineral N, and available Pe1
- Outcome
- labile P poole1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“double rice cropping system”
e1“Structural equation modeling (SEM) revealed that SOM, mineral N, and available P strongly control the labile P pool”
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